John James Marshall thesis.pdf - OpenAIR @ RGU - Robert Gordon ...

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demonstrated a need for greater understanding of how practitioners are facing the creative possibilities that visual computing offers in challenging the way that art and design practitioners can work (see section 2.7). There is an increased recognition of the impact of creative practitioners in the wider economy (see section 1.2). The cost of computer-based tools has decreased and specialised engineering training is no longer a precondition of their use. This has resulted in increased access to digital technology for a more diverse range of practitioners. Tools based on the use of cheap, readily available computer equipment are enabling and accelerating new forms of innovation by ‘lead-users’ (see section 2.7.6). This has created new business models and cultural opportunities (see sections 2.7 and 2.9). Online social networks are transforming how objects can be designed, manufactured, and distributed. For example, an Open Source approach has been applied to physical things that allow users to improve and redistribute objects as computer models and sets of instructions for their construction (see section 2.7.7). An intrinsic aspect of this is the development of new ways of approaching practice, including a reformulation of the relationship between consumers and producers (see section 2.9.5). The contextual review identified forms of art and design practice that can be described as ‘hybrid’. This required the definition of terms to discuss the relationships between these ‘hybrid’ forms and the objects produced by them. This in turn suggested a need for a more systematic evaluation of this cross-disciplinary work. 6.2 Methodology The research applied a methodology designed to create a clearer understanding of the work of individual practitioners with an established digital practice. This focused on objects produced over the last ten years but placed particular attention on work that is being created by a form of practice that can be characterised as a ‘hybrid’ product of both art and design disciplines. The study made use of a systematic analysis of archived data to reveal the underlying structure of this field by grouping objects into indicative classifications. This formed the basis of a set of terms to describe these types of objects (see section 4.2.1). A curatorial framework for a public exhibition and symposium was developed around these types of objects (see section 4.4). Primary research in - 299 -
the form of surveys and interviews with practitioners, stakeholders and audiences was undertaken (see sections 4.5.4, 4.5.5 and 4.5.6). Insights from practitioners were gathered as case studies to establish a clearer understanding of the use of computer-based tools and provide a means to evaluate the work happening across traditional disciplines. Models were constructed to describe the adoption of computer-based design and fabrication tools by practitioners (see section 3.6.1) and to indicate the field of practice that shows a greater integration between art and design disciplines by using these tools (see section 4.6.2). The research was designed to enable the researcher to draw broad conclusions about the nature of the relationships between practitioners, disciplines, tools and the types of objects being produced. 6.3 Questions The specific questions addressed by this research were: • Are there new kinds of objects being produced by art and design practitioners using computer-based tools? • What are the significant characteristics of these objects and are there specific criteria which can be used to identify these new kinds of objects? • Is there a trend towards a hybrid model of art and design practice emerging out of the use of computer-based tools and if so, what implications might this have for future practice? This study offered analytical terms to make distinctions between projects that can be applied across disciplinary boundaries. The contextual review, systematic analysis of archived data, surveys and case studies revealed there are new production paradigms, design vocabularies and new orders of object being produced. Six distinct kinds of object were determined from significant characteristics of these objects, based on indicative classifications formed around typological exemplars. Three of these categories were based on the functional capabilities built into the objects and three based on the means by which they were created: • ‘Augmented objects’ have some kind of embedded technology that performs one or more predefined tasks. • ‘Autonomous objects’ contain some means of independent control. • ‘Generative objects’ have been designed by using algorithms that can evolve structures and objects based on predetermined rules, conditions and variables. • ‘Input-driven objects’ are characterised by the technology used in their creation. - 300 -
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OpenAIR@RGU The Open Access Institu
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Table of contents Table of contents
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Table of tables Table 1: Bruce Ster
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Image credits Figure 4: ‘Ridges O
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Keywords ART, DESIGN, DIGITAL, HYBR
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1.0 Introduction This research is c
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Since 2002, the researcher has also
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The specific research questions to
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helping practitioners from many are
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synthetic or pluralist perspective
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Figure 1: A simple model of the com
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General Motors to begin developing
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introduction of feature-based param
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In 2005 the exhibition ‘Blobjects
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art. The theme of the exhibition wa
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technologies and not necessarily th
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executed by various technologies an
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purposely exploit computer-based te
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“…so much for automating tasks
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embodied in traditional craft pract
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Obviously it is necessary to look b
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The computer is being used as a too
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the proliferation of ‘responsive
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Figure 11: ‘Amazing Whale Jaw’,
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Figure 14: ‘SLS® Dress’, 2005.
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with sensors which were activated b
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These designer-makers are exploring
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ackground, providing just another p
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Type of object Description Requirem
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2.7 Ontologies of production: 21 st
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design and fabrication facilities,
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“Unfortunately, the ability to ma
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information about these on their we
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have now are the needs other users
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As the use of computer-based design
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cross-disciplinary problem solving
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hybridization of cultural categorie
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“Boundary objects are both plasti
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association with function (Fairs, 2
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“…excludes the mind (the exclus
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causing a loss of this ‘aura’.
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“…the creative act is not perfo
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Figure 22: ‘The Treason of Images
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these have often served the covert
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highly developed collaborative skil
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plastic arts. However, media theori
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explores the work of artists 39 act
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elationships for hybrid art and des
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to reimagine the cultural role of d
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knobs, materials and mechanisms - i
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From the contextual review we can s
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used by architects (and others) as
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3.0 Methodology This study fits wit
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the data: survey results, interview
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used for objects of differing scale
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These practitioners represent a spe
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team each selected their top six 50
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to survey existing works, explore f
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their experience and perceptions re
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digital voice recorder. Each partne
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There are many existing technology
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Survival Mastery Impact The introdu
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negative terms to their positives (
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work. The review indicated a need f
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service Preview Trend Direction 56
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(Image Source 58 ). An indication o
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The instance of Rashid’s ‘Garbo
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Figure 30: ‘D-tower’, 2004. Lar
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software to interpolate a curve thr
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industrial context. Most of the obj
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Figure 36: ‘Geo’, 2005. Keith B
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distinctions based on the means by
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Figure 41: ‘Sketch Furniture’,
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Category Image Result Title Holy Gh
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elationship is indicated and given
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Figure 44: Database categories in t
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Manglano-Ovalle’s ‘Cloud Protot
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Figure 46: Increasing ‘complexity
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21. Janne Kyttanen & Jiri Evenhuis
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Q3. When you see the term ‘3D com
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Q5. When did you first make use of
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Impact References New formal possib
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Relationship Response Percent Respo
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Figure 47: A map of exemplary pract
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The researcher continued developing
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were informed the Manchester Digita
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links to the community, educational
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Figure 50: A rendering of the glaze
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This exhibition will bring emerging
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able to participate and Driessens &
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We received forty-six submissions b
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4.5 A public exhibition and symposi
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27/06/2006 Additional practitioners
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Figure 52: ‘Holy Ghost’, 2006.
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Figure 54: ‘What’s Cooking Gran
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The architects initially proposed t
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and in newsletters and on blogs. Th
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Figure 60: ‘Light Sensitive Disk
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Some visitors to the exhibition see
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Figure 65: ‘Penrose Strapping 1
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The texts have titles such as ‘A
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Open Call 9. ‘Warp’ by London-b
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These were decided based on the con
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How would you rate the quality of i
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1. Where did you see the call for P
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4. What did you expect to get out o
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6. Was there someone you expected t
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9. Were you happy with the way your
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These practitioners considered that
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15. How would you sum up the core t
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The inverse of the previous questio
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20. Have you received any new oppor
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23. Has being in the exhibition had
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27. What formal training have you h
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30. What (for you) is the key benef
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32. What is most important to you t
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34. What does the term ‘3D comput
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practice was contingent on the cont
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39. Do you think there is a trend t
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hybrid disciplines. Also 1 (17%) pr
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(4%) strongly disagreed with this s
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the exhibition ‘felt a bit steril
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The Exhibition (expectations) The r
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Programme Manager I am pleased that
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Page 251 and 252: Programme Manager We weren’t tryi
Page 253 and 254: 13. What would you do differently i
Page 255 and 256: 15. In your opinion, what was the w
Page 257 and 258: 18. How would you sum up the core t
Page 259 and 260: The Exhibition (aftermath) The rese
Page 261 and 262: 23. What feedback from funders did
Page 263 and 264: Programme Manager I’m not really
Page 265 and 266: Programme Manager I know that we ha
Page 267 and 268: Date What Where Who Communities 28/
Page 269 and 270: 4.5.8 Summary of public exhibition
Page 271 and 272: etween them. Professor Krauss respo
Page 273 and 274: The conjunction of ‘product desig
Page 275 and 276: art is a form of media art that int
Page 277 and 278: Practitioner Title Category Type of
Page 279 and 280: 5.0 Discussion This thesis has exam
Page 281 and 282: much part of the discourse of ‘di
Page 283 and 284: From the responses received slightl
Page 285 and 286: 5.5 A public exhibition and symposi
Page 287 and 288: now faced in the design-related fie
Page 289 and 290: the exhibition primarily as a means
Page 291 and 292: Four visitors indicated the diversi
Page 293 and 294: model rather than the service provi
Page 295 and 296: interest around the field of enquir
Page 297 and 298: technologies into their practice an
Page 299: 6.0 Conclusions This study came abo
Page 303 and 304: From To Reference Expensive Technol
Page 305 and 306: increased capacity for a transdisci
Page 307 and 308: 6.5 Outcomes This research project
Page 309 and 310: underpin computer-based or hybrid p
Page 311 and 312: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS®) 1
Page 313 and 314: 8.0 References 3D SYSTEMS, 2007. 3D
Page 315 and 316: BEAMAN, J., 1997. The early roots o
Page 317 and 318: COLES, A., 2005a. DesignArt. London
Page 319 and 320: EVIL MAD SCIENTIST LABORATORIES, 20
Page 321 and 322: GRAHAM, B., 2005. Taxonomies of new
Page 323 and 324: JENKINS, I., 2003. Art for art's sa
Page 325 and 326: LUPTON, E., 1998. Design and produc
Page 327 and 328: MILLER, D., ed. 1998. Material cult
Page 329 and 330: RENDELL, J. 2006. Art and Architect
Page 331 and 332: STORKERSON, P., 1997. Defining desi
Page 333 and 334: 9.0 Appendix I: Transcript of sympo
Page 335 and 336: interdisciplinary design practice.
Page 337 and 338: viewed as a bridge between technolo
Page 339 and 340: John this morning through the show
Page 341 and 342: the detriment of the latter. As tut
Page 343 and 344: mainly used in the animation indust
Page 345 and 346: uses the physical nature of the gla
Page 347 and 348: avoiding using a pen and paper soun
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cut the day before that has been sc
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Pass at the end of August for ten d
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what functional use they might be t
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of ornament and the fact that a lot
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might be done with rapid prototypin
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prototyping. Materialise started of
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off with twenty two. I think that c
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finished that was necessary because
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go inside those kitchens and really
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www.whatscookinggrandma.net MC: It
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and it wasn’t quite the same thin
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Paul Rodgers: Well, he wouldn’t.
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sort of urban scape art projects. I
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described - the tools that you are
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about the make up of the cloth that
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From the floor: I'm just wondering
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well. So it’s not just changing t
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10.0 Appendix II: Practitioner 1 in
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12. In your opinion, what was the w
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looped animation and implying that
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33. What do you consider constitute
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digitally and have someone mould it
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innovation within technology, not i
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It had a nice feeling about it. I d
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29. How have computer technologies
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I’ve just started to define mysel
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12.0 Appendix IV: Practitioner 3 in
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14. Did you think the exhibition wa
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26. When did you first make use of
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13.0 Appendix V: Practitioner 4 int
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smaller things like lamps as well a
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I suppose diversity within each pra
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24. Would you be interested in bein
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nicer than seeing something at the
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It’s a very central role and it
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5. Who did you expect to be in the
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Especially the windows as well. You
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It’s pretty strong to my heart, b
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28. How would you describe how you
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how it’ll trace, leaving a trace
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36. In terms of discipline where do
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15.0 Appendix VII: Practitioner 6 i
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18. Many visitors to the exhibition
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It could mean a variety of things,
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16.0 Appendix VIII: Creative Direct
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I think it was an interesting role,
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10. Did the exhibition live up to y
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which was Ben’s work which for me
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that should be in London. So there
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Obviously all of the artists that w
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Yes, actually one of the things tha
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key element of that. It’s not jus
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original proposal which felt like a
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I think that we were very fortunate
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15. In your opinion, what was the w
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things could have felt quite differ
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potential energy that could be crea
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28. Has being involved in PBB had a
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Of course and we did extend an invi
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