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Christino, Karen<br />

research involving statistical methods. To avoid conflict within his first profession, he<br />

used <strong>the</strong> pseudonym Paul Flambart until after he retired. He was a prolific writer,<br />

though little known in <strong>the</strong> United States.<br />

Choisnard was important for his role in helping to revive <strong>astrology</strong> in France<br />

and for his pioneering role in applying statistical methods to <strong>astrology</strong>. He was succeeded<br />

in <strong>the</strong> latter role by <strong>the</strong> Swiss astrologer Karl Ernst Krafft, who was in turn followed<br />

by Michel Gauquelin. Choisnard died on February 9, 1930, in St. Geni-de-<br />

Saintange.<br />

Sources:<br />

Choisnard, Paul. Étude nouvelle sur l’hérédité. Paris: Chacornac, 1903.<br />

———. Influence astrale. Paris: Chacornac, 1901.<br />

———. Langage astral. Paris: Chacornac, 1903.<br />

Holden, James H., and Robert A. Hughes. Astrological Pioneers of America. Tempe, AZ: American<br />

Federation of Astrologers, 1988.<br />

CHOLERIC<br />

Choleric is <strong>the</strong> traditional name for <strong>the</strong> personality temperament indicated by an<br />

excess of <strong>the</strong> element fire.<br />

CHRISTIANITY AND ASTROLOGY<br />

Historically, <strong>astrology</strong> was integrated into <strong>the</strong> church along with o<strong>the</strong>r aspects of Hellenistic<br />

civilization. From time to time, various Christian thinkers worried about <strong>the</strong><br />

tension between free will and <strong>the</strong> apparent determinism of <strong>astrology</strong>, but by and large<br />

<strong>the</strong> science of <strong>the</strong> stars occupied an honorable position in <strong>the</strong> Western tradition.<br />

Although some of <strong>the</strong> biblical prophets disparaged stargazing, <strong>the</strong> Three Wise Men<br />

were clearly astrologers, and in certain o<strong>the</strong>r scriptural passages it was evident that<br />

God regularly used heavenly signs to instruct <strong>the</strong> faithful.<br />

Despite certain tensions between <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>astrology</strong> and Christianity were not<br />

separated until <strong>the</strong> fundamentalist movement of <strong>the</strong> early twentieth century. For various<br />

reasons, but particularly because of <strong>astrology</strong>’s association with metaphysical religion<br />

(e.g., <strong>the</strong> New Age movement), fundamentalists—and, later, most o<strong>the</strong>r varieties<br />

of conservative Christians—rejected <strong>astrology</strong> as a delusion at best and as a tool of<br />

Satan at worst.<br />

Sources:<br />

Jacobs, Don. Astrology’s Pew in <strong>the</strong> Church. San Francisco: The Joshua Foundation, 1979.<br />

Simms, Maria Kay. Twelve Wings of <strong>the</strong> Eagle: Our Spiritual Evolution through <strong>the</strong> Ages of <strong>the</strong> Zodiac.<br />

San Diego: Astro Computing Services, 1988.<br />

CHRISTINO, KAREN<br />

Karen Christino has been a consulting astrologer, lecturer, and teacher since 1977. She<br />

is <strong>the</strong> author of Foreseeing <strong>the</strong> Future: Evangeline Adams and Astrology in America and<br />

THE ASTROLOGY BOOK<br />

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