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Longitude and latitude are <strong>the</strong> most familiar of <strong>the</strong>se coordinates. Astrology utilizes<br />

several systems of celestial coordinates. Parallel to <strong>the</strong> manner in which terrestrial<br />

coordinates are great circles drawn on <strong>the</strong> surface of Earth, celestial coordinates are<br />

great circles drawn on <strong>the</strong> inside of <strong>the</strong> celestial sphere. The ecliptic, <strong>the</strong> celestial equator,<br />

and <strong>the</strong> prime vertical are examples of some of <strong>the</strong> great circles used in <strong>astrology</strong>.<br />

Gurdjieff, George Ivanovitch<br />

GREENWICH TIME<br />

Because of <strong>the</strong> variation in time caused by various time changes as one moves east or<br />

west across Earth, astrologers have found it convenient to construct tables such as<br />

ephemerides (tables of planetary positions) with <strong>the</strong> time at Greenwich, England, as a<br />

benchmark. Greenwich lies exactly on <strong>the</strong> 0° longitude line, which makes it relatively<br />

easy to determine <strong>the</strong> number of hours to add or subtract to local time in order to<br />

obtain Greenwich time (15° = 1 hour).<br />

Sources:<br />

Brau, Jean-Louis, Helen Weaver, and Allan Edmands. Larousse Encyclopedia of Astrology. New<br />

York: New American Library, 1980.<br />

Filbey, John, and Peter Filbey. The Astrologer’s Companion. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire,<br />

UK: Aquarian Press, 1986.<br />

GURDJIEFF, GEORGE IVANOVITCH<br />

George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (1866–1949) was not an astrologer. However, his cosmology<br />

was largely derived from Western European occult sources and has much in<br />

common with <strong>the</strong> popular Theosophical cosmology/<strong>astrology</strong> of his day. Gurdjieff’s<br />

two primary cosmological laws, <strong>the</strong> Law of Seven and <strong>the</strong> Law of Three, have <strong>the</strong>ir<br />

origins in Mesopotamian astronomy/<strong>astrology</strong>, echoes of which are also found in<br />

Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and in Western European occult and esoteric<br />

thinking derived from Pythagoras.<br />

The forms that Gurdjieff’s oral and written teaching took—occult cosmology<br />

and psychology, dance, psychological exercises, and storytelling—can be related to<br />

prevailing contemporary interests in <strong>the</strong> places where he taught. In Russia, <strong>the</strong>se were<br />

Western European occultism, especially Theosophy, and ballet; in Paris, occultism, literary<br />

modernism, <strong>the</strong> archaic epic, and dance.<br />

Gurdjieff was born in Alexandropol, Armenia, of Greek and Armenian parents.<br />

He travelled widely in <strong>the</strong> Middle and Far East, and arrived back in Moscow in<br />

1912. There he began to teach an occult cosmological and psychological “system” of<br />

ideas, which, according to his unverifiable, mythologized writings, he had ga<strong>the</strong>red<br />

from hidden places of sacred learning during his travels.<br />

Leaving Russia because of <strong>the</strong> Bolshevik Revolution, Gurdjieff travelled via<br />

Tiblisi and Constantinople to Europe, arriving in France in 1922. In France he established<br />

his Institute for <strong>the</strong> Harmonious Development of Man, which attracted English<br />

and American pupils. Gurdjieff also gave his teaching in a form of sacred dancing, and<br />

demonstrations of <strong>the</strong>se were open to <strong>the</strong> public. During <strong>the</strong> 1920s, Gurdjieff had a<br />

THE ASTROLOGY BOOK<br />

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