Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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Figure IV.C.11. Long-term changes in the spatial distribution of the calanoid copepod species assemblages around the United Kingdom. Note the northward movement of the warm-water species associated to a decrease in the mean number of cold-water species. Redrawn from Beaugrand et al. (2002). These results indicate a shift of marine pelagic ecosystems towards a warmer dynamic regime in the northeastern North Atlantic. In terrestrial ecosystems in western Europe, similar changes in spatial distribution and phenology have been detected for many species of plants (Fitter and Fitter 2002), butterflies (Parmesan et al. 1999), amphibians (Beebee 1995) and birds (Thomas and Lennon 1999), all attributed to climate warming. West of the mid-Atlantic ridge, especially in the Labrador Sea, the trend was opposite and the number of both subarctic and arctic species has increased while the number of warm-water oceanic species has decreased. This result indicates a possible move of northwest Atlantic ecosystems towards a colder-biological dynamic regime. The opposite results found in the 100
eastern and western side of the North Atlantic indicate that the response of the biosphere to climate change may exhibit complex behaviour. This kind of response is mediated through complex regional interactions with existing hydro-climatic channels such as the NAO. Indeed, the inverse response of ecosystems to climatic features on the two sides of the North Atlantic Ocean is consistent with the spatially heterogeneous nature of the climatic manifestations induced by this dominant mode of atmospheric variability (Dickson et al. 1996; Drinkwater 1996). These large-scale biogeographical changes have deeply impacted the diversity of calanoid copepods in the North Sea (Beaugrand 2003; 2004). Calanoid copepod diversity has increased in that region due to an increase in warm-water species (Figure IV.C.11). These modifications seem to be a response of pelagic ecosystems to an augmentation in sea surface temperature positively correlated to Northern Hemisphere Temperature anomalies and may have a strong impact for the functioning of the ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles and exploited resources (Figure IV.C.12). Using a plankton index indicator of the quality and quantity of prey available for larval cod survival in the North Sea, Beaugrand et al. (2003) showed that long-term changes in the index paralleled changes in cod recruitment at age 1 and therefore larval cod survival (Figure IV.C.12). The index revealed a clear distinction between the periods 1963-1983 and both the periods 1984-1999 and 1958-1962 (Figure IV.C.12). The period 1963-1983 (‘Gadoid Outburst’, Cushing 1984) was characterized by high abundance of prey for larval cod (positive anomalies in the biomass of calanoid copepods, in the abundance of C. finmarchicus, euphausiids and Pseudocalanus spp.) and a high mean size of calanoid copepods. Larval cod survival decreased from the mid-1980s, coincident with unfavourable changes in the plankton ecosystem, compared to the earlier period 1963-1983. The change in the quality and quantity of plankton prey was related negatively to fluctuations in sea surface temperature. Increasing sea temperature may have had a double negative impact on larval cod survival in the North Sea. Figure IV.C.12. The regime shift in the North Sea. Long-term changes in fish abundance in relation to year-to-year changes in calanoid copepod composition and hydrometeorological forcing. a. Long-term changes in gadoid recruitment (especially cod). b. Long-term changes in calanoid copepod species composition (in red: warm-water copepod calanoid species; in blue: cold-water calanoid copepod species). c. Changes in hydrological variables (sea surface temperature). d. Changes in large-scale hydro-climatic forcing (Northern Hemisphere Temperature anomalies). From Beaugrand (2004). 101
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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