Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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growing season crops might increase seasonal irrigation requirements (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998). In addition, with faster crop growth, farmers might tend to go for multiple cropping, also increasing water requirements. Management practices, such as conservation tillage, drip and trickle irrigation, and irrigation scheduling are among the short-term possibilities for preserving soil moisture. Improving irrigation efficiency is a key component of combating potentially increased water requirements. It will involve reducing water losses from storage and distribution systems, proper maintenance of irrigation systems, optimising irrigation scheduling, and using water conservative techniques such as drip irrigation (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 1998). Promoting such strategies will be crucial since these practices, besides preserving soil moisture, will allow farmers to reduce the cost of production. Long-term changes include the change of land use to adapt to the new climate in order to stabilise production and to avoid strong inter-annual variability in yields. This could be achieved through the substitution of existing crops with crops with a lower productivity but more stable yields (e.g., wheat replaced by pasture). For areas with increased water stress, it has further been recommended to use less water consuming and more heat resistant crops. Other measures mentioned, for example, by Perry (2000) include the change in farming systems since many farms are specialised in arable farming and, therefore, are tightly linked to local soil and climate conditions. 150
Climate Change and the European Water Dimension Chapter VI.A. Case Study on Specific Lakes Key Points • Lake Mondsee: an increase in spring water temperature leading to an earlier onset of thermal stratification, a longer stratified period during summer, higher summer surface temperatures, and a trend of rising deep-water temperature. a high degree of synchrony in timing of physical and chemical parameters has been established. • Esthwaite Water: The chlorophyll concentrations measured in the lake are substantially lower if the winter is wet. When the winter is cold, appreciable numbers of Daphnia survive in the open water. When the winter is mild, , the Daphnia cannot ingest enough food to survive and the Eudiaptomus then dominate. Relatively small changes in the winter water temperature can have a significant effect on the long-term dynamics of a key planktonic species. The historical variations in the winter characteristics show that this lake is very sensitive to year-toyear variations in the weather. These weather-related variations influence the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the lake. • Lake Erken: In eutrophic lakes with long water residence times, eutrophication problems might become serious in a warmer future climate. 1970’s and 1980’s data showed that earlier ice-out and higher temperatures in May lead to increased phosphorus concentration and phytoplankton biomass in summer, and an overall doubling with climate scenarios. • Lake Võrtsjärv: In non-stratified shallow lakes the changes of the lake depth affect the average illumination of the mixed water column, resuspension intensity, nutrient release from sediments, and denitrification rate. These factors control the growth and composition of phytoplankton that is the first link of the pelagic food web. Cold winters characterised by low water level cause several winter fish-kills. In warmer and wetter climate the probability of both the summer blue-green blooms and winter fish-kills should decrease. 151
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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