Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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On a more general view, more of concern is the coupling of climate change and anthropogenic activities. Aquifers usually recharge slowly, and current abstraction levels may not be sustainable under future climate change scenarios. In some areas of southern Europe aquifers are already overexploited (see Figure III.7). In many cases, determining whether over-exploitation would occur is difficult. It is often thought of as being a relatively straightforward question of water taken out of the aquifer and water filtering back into it. Difficulties in estimating long-term recharge confound this simple approach. Changes in precipitation patterns may influence surface water resources availability, leading to increasing exploitation of groundwater bodies. Exploitation beyond a sustainable level can affect the environment (lowering of the water table can lead to loss of wetlands and can affect river ecosystems) and reduce the future availability of the resource. When aquifers near the coast are overexploited, salt water may intrude, thus reducing water quality in the aquifer. Figure III.7. Aquifer exploitation in Spain (top) and Sardinia, Italy (bottom) (EEA, 1996). III.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS There is evidence in historic records of an increase across Europe in annual surface air temperature of about 0.8°C during the 20th century (IPCC, 2001). Higher 44 Aquifer list e2: Ayamonte-Huelva; e3: Campo de Montiel; e4: Mancha Real-Pegajalar; e5: Sevilla- Carmona; e6: Aljarafe; e7: Rota-Sanlucar- Chipiona; e8: El Saltador; e9: Campo de Nijar; e10: Andarax-Almeria; e11: Campo de Dalias; e12: Ascoy-Sopalmo; e13: Guadalentin; e14: Cresta del Gallo; e15: Jumilla Villena; e16: Sierra de Crevillente; e17: Bloque de Gaia; e18: Camp de Tarragona; s1: Muravera; August; s2: Rio Su Canoni-Portovesme; s3: Santa Lucia.
temperatures potentially lead to higher evaporation and evapotranspiration. Annual precipitation trends for the period 1900–2000 show a contrasting picture between northern Europe (10–50 % wetter) and southern Europe (up to 20 % drier). Changes have been greatest in winter in most parts of Europe. Projections for Europe show a 1–2 % increase per decade in annual precipitation in northern Europe and an up to 1 % per decade decrease in southern Europe (in summer, decreases of 5% per decade may occur) (EEA, 2004). Higher temperatures affect precipitation patterns as well, even in those cases in which total annual rainfall may not display significant changes. A higher frequency of weather extremes is likely to be observed (torrential rains, leading to floods; dry periods, leading to droughts). River discharges (being a function of precipitation and watershed characteristics, among other factors) will in turn be affected; soil, in fact, acts as a storage buffer: in winter and spring, increasing precipitation normally generates higher discharges because the buffer is full and evaporation is low; during the summer, storage is reduced by evaporation and transpiration, and the soil must be refilled before runoff begins. As a consequence of increased precipitation intensities, peak runoff is subject to increase, thus increasing the occurrence of flood events. Groundwater recharge is also dependent on precipitation and soil moisture conditions. Aquifers usually recharge slowly and mostly during the winter season. Shortening of the wet season across Europe might negatively affect recharge rates. Moreover, future reduced surface water availability during the dry season might induce over-exploitation of groundwater resources, thus further deteriorating the status of some aquifers. There is a need for advancement in our capability to describe the interaction in time and space between physical processes governing climate and the various components of the hydrologic cycle. On a short time scale individual components of the hydrological cycle are much more variable than climatic factors. Seasonal to inter-annual variability in precipitations and temperatures accounts for some of the shifts in hydrological characteristics in European river basins. However, accurate predictions about the consequences of climate change on individual components of the hydrologic cycle at European, regional or local scale are difficult to obtain because of the bias introduced by anthropogenic factors (changes in land-use patterns and the drainage conditions of rivers, increases in the proportion of impermeable areas) (Beniston et al., 1994). There is a strong want for further research, aiming at decoupling the effects of human activities (e.g. increased population, expansion of irrigated land, industrial growth) and climate change on the hydrological cycle, to avoid in the future catastrophic synergies and interactions. 45
Page 1 and 2: Climate Change and the European Wat
Page 3 and 4: European Commission- Joint Research
Page 7 and 8: At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
Page 11 and 12: Changes in the diurnal variation of
Page 13 and 14: Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
Page 15 and 16: century. This corresponds to a sea
Page 17 and 18: Other causes Other causes of climat
Page 19 and 20: tropospheric ozone are photochemica
Page 21 and 22: Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
Page 23 and 24: There are two indirect effects of a
Page 25 and 26: The projected warming is not unifor
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Page 31 and 32: Aerosols and climate change in the
Page 33 and 34: precipitation intensities have been
Page 35 and 36: Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
Page 37 and 38: Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
Page 39 and 40: Figure III.4. Projected change in s
Page 41 and 42: eduction in the rate of evaporation
Page 43: characteristics may or may not be u
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
Page 49 and 50: Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
Page 51 and 52: correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
Page 53 and 54: Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
Page 55 and 56: numbers refer to water bodies bigge
Page 57 and 58: Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
Page 59 and 60: quality degradation and meet the in
Page 61 and 62: sufficient resolution and accuracy
Page 63 and 64: Windermere in the English Lake Dist
Page 65 and 66: their vertical structure. In partic
Page 67 and 68: have recently described a method th
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Page 75 and 76: Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
Page 77 and 78: vertical bars are a simple measure
Page 79 and 80: values, with an upper limit of 30°
Page 83 and 84: the processes controlling, regional
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Page 87 and 88: Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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Page 91 and 92: suggesting that climate rather than
Page 93 and 94: CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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