Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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and certainly, at European scale there are some conspicuous deficiencies. At European scale the EU lags behind other industrialized countries in policy, planning and operational aspects. These deficiencies in turn affect the competitiveness of European industry. In the USA, a national Drought Policy sets the framework within which individual states develop and implement Drought Plans. There are integrated US national drought forecasting and monitoring activities that provide real time information to states for local enhancement, and to sector interests for enhancement for specific sectoral applications. Figure V.B.5. On-line products from US National Drought Monitoring Centre http://www.drought.unl.edu/dm/current.html This process has produced a significant improvement in drought preparedness through benchmarking and sharing of best practices at state level. At national level, improved drought related analysis and response tools have been developed, spurred on by more informed demands from the states and different sectors. Similar national Drought Policies have recently been adopted in Australia and South Africa, with responsibility for development and implementation of Drought Plans at state level. Pan-European forecasting and monitoring Reducing the economic, social and environmental impact of future droughts will require reliable and useable information (through forecasting and monitoring) to be provided to policy makers, water managers and citizens. Research projects within the EU’s 4 th and 5 th Framework Programmes have developed and demonstrated operational, real-time drought monitoring across the EU. Prototype communication tools have delivered this information through open access web portals. Several southern European web portals currently provide a range of information on conditions relating to, or affected by, drought extent and severity. These actions on drought forecasting, monitoring and mitigation in the Mediterranean region need to be developed, improved and extended to other parts of Europe. The establishment, in 2004, of a European Drought Centre – a virtual centre of expert groups and organizations working in drought research or management – is a very welcome initiative. Much can be gained by capitalizing on and adapting international best practice approaches to minimize drought impacts and by the development of more generic decision support systems. Coordinated action is required to bring these resources together, share expertise and strengthen Europe’s resilience to future droughts at the level of citizens, the river basin, nationally and at EU level. 132
Drought mitigation and the involvement of citizens A framework for European drought mitigation must set out to change the focus from crisis management, to risk management. In order to meet the climate driven challenges of the future, greater emphasis will need to be placed upon stakeholder participatory methods in planning and decision making with respect to water resources. Measures are required to enable and encourage citizens’ to adopt “drought aware” lifestyles. Such measures need to affect a wide range of citizens’ water use decisions (purchasing, home, work, leisure). Education has a primary role to play in establishing a foundation to build equitable and sustainable strategies for combating drought stress. Web based information portals, such as a European Drought Network, should provide citizens with a basis for making informed decisions based upon the best available information. V.B.8. Preparing for Future European droughts The strengthening Europe’s resilience to future droughts will require major investments in monitoring, research, technology transfer and education. Research is required to underpin the development of improved understanding of the complex inter-relationships between physical, social, economic and political processes which contribute to policy, technical and non-technical measures which reduce Europe’s vulnerability to droughts. Actions to prepare for future droughts should include: Policy Research • Studies to develop a policy framework for European drought mitigation. A clear definition and methodology for estimating economic, social and environmental cost of droughts is required. Physical Sciences • Research to improve the accuracy of climate models, and in particular, predictions of the spatial extent, severity and duration of drought events in the medium and long term. • Improved understanding of drought processes, feedbacks, interactions and impacts. • Research on drought tolerant crops, non-conventional water resources and more efficient irrigation technologies. Integrated water resource management systems which deliver conjunctive surface and groundwater abstractions, and preserve ecosystems during droughts. Risk Management Approaches • Process, statistical and operational systems research to develop improved criteria and tools to identify the onset of droughts, leading to systems which “trigger” different levels of response. • Research into the risk management aspects of drought management • Improve the linkages between European policymakers, operational water management agencies and researchers to ensure current operational best practice is shared. • Methodologies to assess the cost effectiveness of different uses of water in different EU regions should be extended to imported agricultural products, especially from developing countries. Technologies • Research into the integration of all available instruments (technologies, systems, policies) to improve water efficiency in industrial, domestic and agricultural water use, including desalination. 133
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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