Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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study has been maded to explore potential effects of UVBR increase in shallow lagoons. In marine algae, phanerogams and phytoplankton, photosyntehsis can be inhibited by UVBR (Smith et al., 1992). Furthermore, UVBR enhances phytoplankton and bacterial mortality particularly in the top 5 m of the water column, where there is little attenuation (Boelen et al., 2002). It has been also demonstrated that enhanced UVBR can change the structure and dynamics of the pelagic food web (Mostjir et al., 1999). As a consequence, the ecosystem develops toward a microbial food web (smaller organisms, less productive) in preference to an herbivorous food web (larger organisms, much more productive). This food web change can have broad implications for aquaculture in lagoons. IV.D.4. Expected long-term effects related to climate changes that are superimposed on direct human alterations Human activities within watersheds and in coastal lagoon systems have direct impact on the quantity and quality of the waters delivered to adjacent seas or ocean. An increased variety of land uses has contributed to increased changes in watershed structure and hydrographic networks. Overall, these alterations influence coastal lagoons and nearshore coastal waters through spatial dependent and time-lagged processes that control the delivery of nutrients and pollutants (Borum, 1996, Turner et al., 1997, Valiela et al., 1997, Vitousek et al., 1997, Carpenter, et al, 1998, Holland et al., 2004). Losses of goods and services. Seagrass communities, and to a lesser extent microphytobenthic systems, support high secondary production that is not only of commercial interest. Biotic equilibria, especially those depending upon seagrass processes, are responsible for invaluable ecosystem functions and services such as carbon dioxide and nutrient sinks, sediment oxygenation and stability, recovery of redox buffers, etc. Climate change may indirectly add further stress, degrading and threatening their ecological sustainability. In the long term, losses of non-commercial goods and services can determine also economic losses, e.g. fishery decline, touristic attractiveness, etc. Impact of aquaculture: Aquaculture development affects local ecosystems, where wastewater from fish or mollusc farming can pollute the aquatic environment. The exploitation of benthic organisms (e.g., clams) can also cause sediment reworking and alteration. In warm water, not only the development risk of human pathogens increases, but also water quality undergoes deterioration. Accelerated microbial decomposition of aquaculture wastes can cause lowering of oxygen concentrations and perhaps induce stress to cultivated organisms as well as natural species. Higher temperatures may allow higher incidences of disease, especially if the organisms in the region are under stress. Increasing eutrophication. The interaction between eutrophication and climate change can potentially determine shifts in community structure and enhance the risk of harmful algal blooms, the risk of increase in the frequency and severity of anoxic crises with subsequent mortality of commercial species. Increasing unpredictability. Coastal lagoons are recognised as highly unpredictable environments. There is evidence that within certain thresholds, marine communities and ecosystems are 114
esilient to environmental changes and can buffer against external stresses. However, resilience and buffering capacities do not follow linear behaviour, but rather undergo sudden and exponential responses. Therefore, an increasing stress – e.g., by physical and chemical stressors – can result in rapid and irreversible deterioration of the aquatic ecosystems. Deterioration and losses of marginal ecosystems that buffer against perturbations and protect lagoons Coastal lagoons are not unique and homogeneous ecosystems, but rather made up of a mosaic of subsystems. The marginal/littoral subunits usually work as a buffering system. For instance, the littoral reed (Phragmites australis) marshes are sinks for particulate materials and traps for dissolved nutrient and contaminants. Moreover, they are suitable habitats for a number of waterfowl species. An increase in flooding frequencies and/or an increase in storms frequency can determine a die-off of the reed as well as an erosion of reed marshes with the subsequent decrease in protection for the whole lagoon. Impact derived from hazardous activities The primary impacts of climate changes in coastal lagoons can trigger other impacts such as damage to wastewater works, landfills etc. Where hazardous waste landfills are close to the coastal lagoon, pollutants can migrate from the landfills to the lagoon, because of frequent flooding events and water-table changes. As sea-level rise accelerates, these impacts may become more severe, depending on individual site characteristics and protection strategies. The impact of climate change in coastal lagoons is difficult to predict in quantitative terms since several factors have opposing effects. For example, temperature increase may increase primary production but UVBR may increase mortality. The outcome of both effects is difficult to assess based on present knowledge. It may not be, a priori, excluded that some positive consequences arise, e.g. increase of primary production leading to increase in exploitable resource biomass in lagoon ecosystems. However, the duration of these effects is difficult to assess. Furthermore, the establishment of a new ecological equilibrium in these fragile ecosystems is uncertain. 115
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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