Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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Increases aerosol loading: gaseous Hg 0 is not generally readily scavenged by aerosol particles, with the exception of black carbon, in fact activated charcoal is a useful adsorbent for Hg 0 (g). Oxidised Hg compounds however are extremely prone to scavenging both by dry and deliquesced aerosol particles due to their involatility and usually high solubility. Should atmospheric oxidation rates of Hg increase, see above, and at the same time aerosol loading increases the atmospheric concentration of Hg associated with atmospheric particles would be expected to increase significantly. The transport of oxidised Hg compounds on particles depositing to water bodies could become the major pathway for water-soluble Hg compounds to reach aquatic environments. Washout of particles by precipitation would also introduce these oxidised compounds directly to water bodies, and also indirectly via run-off. One aspect of increased aerosol loading which may have particular consequences for the marine environment is the increased production of sea salt particles resulting from changes in global wind fields (Sander et al., 2003). An increase in sea salt aerosol, would increase the concentration of reactive halogen (particularly Br) in the MBL, accelerating Hg 0 (g) oxidation. If combined with an increase in acid gases, or their precursors, from anthropogenic emissions which are necessary to acidify sea salt particles and initiate halogen activation, the effect on the oxidation rate of Hg 0 (g) in the MBL would be noticeable. Using the box model AMCOTS Hedgecock and Pirrone (2004) suggest that a decrease of liquid water content (LWC) (due to deliquesced sea salt particles) would reduce the rate of Hg 0 depletion. Increases in sea salt loading increase oxidation and decrease Hg 0 (g) residence time. The fall off seen in Figure VI.D.1 as LWC increases is because under the model % Hg0(g) depletion 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 conditions for the remote MBL the concentrations of acid gases were not high enough to titrate the sea salt aerosol alkalinity. If the acid gas concentration is increased in the model the fall-off in Hg 0 (g) depletion is not seen. Increases in LWC beyond 300% showed a more rapid initial effect on Hg 0 depletion, which then diminished. This was due to more rapid halogen activation, followed by a more rapid decline in the concentrations of active halogen compounds. Changes in plant growth regimes: evapotranspiration rates would change increasing where biological growth occurs faster. Most Hg in leaves comes from the atmosphere, changes in uptake from the atmosphere, but the dynamics of Hg release from leaf litter are not really understood. The occurrence of Hg in European soils especially from anthropogenic emissions and deposition over the centuries raises the distinct possibility that Hg emissions from soils will increase. One scenario under consideration is, in a warmer and drier environment under climate change, Hg emissions will increase due to soil OM oxidation releasing it into surface and coastal waters. This increased Hg load has the capacity to contaminate aquatic food webs beyond any new emission sources. This is just one of the possible feedbacks in a climate-changed world. 196 33% 66% 133% 200% 300% 1000% Atmospheric Sea Salt LWC Figure VI.D.1 – Modeled Hg 0 depletion rate (%) with LWC of sea salt aerosol.
Climate Change and the European Water Dimension Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Waterborne and Vector-Borne Diseases Key Points • Extreme weather events and changes in weather conditions increase the frequency of heavy rainfall events, with associated flooding and increased temperature, with a concomitant increase in waterborne and vector-borne infections. • There is increasing evidence that global warming might lead to an increase of infectious disease outbreaks, particularly in developing countries. • Changes in the distribution and abundance of disease vectors and reservoirs are likely to be amongst the most important and immediate effects of climate change. • Climate-based models are probably not sufficient to predict future changes in transmission of vector-borne disease and their geographic distribution. • Rapid molecular methods for detection of infectious agents and a new group of models that combines information from climate, epidemiology and human behavior need to be developed. 197
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Page 239 and 240: 2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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Page 243 and 244: European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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