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82. Livingstone, D.M. & M.T. Dokulil, 2001. Eighty years of spatially coherent Austrian lake surface temperatures and their relationship to regional air temperatures and to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 1220-1227. 83. Lotter, A.F., H.J.B. Birks, W. Hofmann, & A. Marchetto, 1997. Modern diatom, cladocera, chironomid, and chrysophyte cyst assemblages as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the Alps. 1. Climate. J. Palaeolimnol. 18: 395-420. 84. Lund, J. W. G. 1966. The importance of turbulence in the periodicity of certain freshwater species of the genus Melosira. Bot. Zhurn. 51: 176-187. 85. Lund, J. W. G. 1950. Studies on Asterionella formosa Hass. 2. Nutrient depletion and the spring maximum Pt. 1 Observations on Windermere, Estwaite Water and Belham Tarn. Pt. 2 Discussion. J. Ecol. 38: 15-35. 86. Maberly, S.C. 1996. Diel, episodic and seasonal changes in pH and concentrations Of inorganic carbon in a productive English Lake, Esthwaite Water, Cumbria. Freshwater Biology: 35: 579—598. 87. MacFadyen, E.J., Williamson, C.E., Grad, G., Lowery, M., Jeffrey, W.H. & Mitchell, D.L. 2004. Molecular response to climate change: temperature dependence of UVinduced DNA damage and repair in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulicaria. Global Change Biology 10: 408-416. 88. Magnuson, J.J. 2000. Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere, Science 289: 1743-1746. 89. Magnuson, J.J., B.J. Benson, and T.K. Kratz. 1990. Temporal coherence in the limnology of a suite of lakes in Wisconsin, U.S.A. Freshwat. Biol. 23: 137-143. 90. Magnuson, J.J., K.E. Webster, R.A. Assel, C.J. Bowser, P.J.Dillon, J.D.Eaton, H.E. Evans, E.J. Fee, R.I. Hall, L.R. Mortsch, D.W. Schindler, and F.H.Quinn. 1997. Potential effacts of climate changes on aquatic ecosystems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield Region, p. 7-53. In C.E. Cushing [ed.], Freshwater ecosystems and climate change in North America. A regional assessment. John Wiley & Sons. 91. Magnuson, J.J., D.M. Robertson, B.J. Benson, R.H. Wynne, D.M. Livingstone, T. Arai, R.A. Assel, R.G. Barry, V. Card, E. Kuusisto, N.G. Granin, T.D. Prowse, K.M. Stewart & V.S. Vuglinski, 2000. Historical Trends in Lake and River Ice Cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Science 289: 1743-1746. 92. Maitland, P. S. 1977. The Hamlyn guide to freshwater fishes of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, New York, NY. 93. Margat, J. & Vallé, D. 2000. Mediterranean Vision on water, population and the environment for the 21st Century. Blue Plan, 66 pp. 94. Matulla, C., H. Formayer, P. Haas & H. Kromp-Kolb, 2004. Possible climate trends in Austria in the first half of the 21st century. Österr. Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 56: 1- 9. 95. May, R. M. 1986. When two and two do not make four: nonlinear phenomena in ecology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 228: 241-266. 96. McCann, K., A. Hastings & Huxel, G. 1998. Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395: 794-798. 97. McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J. & White, K.S. (eds.), 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. 98. McDiffet W.F., Beidler A.W., Dominick T.F. & McCrea K.D. 1989. Nutrient concentration-stream discharge relationship during storm events in a first-order stream. Hydrobiol. 179: 97-102. 226
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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