Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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looms has significantly increased, extending to the Baltic proper and Gulf of Finland (Finni et al. 2001; Poutanen and Nikkilä 2001), presumably in response to anthropogenic eutrophication of the coastal waters. However, the fact that cyanobacteria populations could be part of the natural system indicates that optimal physical and meterological conditions are also required for their growth. Peperzak (2003) showed the importance of increasing temperature and stratification in doubling the growth rate of harmful algae, concluding that the risk of HABs due to climate change scenarios as suggested by IPCC (2001) will rather increase than decrease. Belgrano et al. (1999) related the occurrence of toxic phytoplankton blooms in the Skagerrak to changes in the phase of the NAO, suggesting an important role of climate forces in HABs formation. Figure IV.C.9. Global maps of the distribution of organisms associated with the production of the toxic syndrome Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). The increasing occurrence of this toxic material from 1970 (upper panel) to 2000 (lower panel) indicates a stronger impact in the northern hemisphere, and polluted coastal areas. (Source: GEOHAB Science Plan. http://www.jhu.edu/~scor/GEOHAB_2001.pdf). Increasing nutrients, higher productivity and increased stratification due to freshwater inflow have also lead to a drastic decrease in the oxygen content of the water column, establishing a hypoxic or even anoxic subsurface layer causing mass mortalities in the benthic and demersal communities. The combination of N fertilizer applications, land-use changes and increase in runoff on the Mississippi river basin has lead to the occurrence and extension of a low oxygen ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico bottom waters which can extend as far as 130 km offshore (Rabalais et al. 1996; Turner and Rabalais 1991) Eutrophication is also a widespread problem in European coastal waters, favoring the occurrence of hypoxic conditions in sensitive areas such as enclosed or semienclosed seas. Permanent anoxic conditions are well-known in the Black Sea. In other regions such as the Baltic, the frequency of anoxic periods has been increasing (Figure IV.C.10) as a result of eutrophication, as well as a reduction in the intrusion 96
events of dense water through the Danish Straits (von Bodungen et al. 2000), that would be required to ventilate the Baltic deep waters. On the contrary, no significant trends of hypoxia are observed in the North Sea and the Mediterranean, although recurrent near-shore local events can be observed along the Aegean Sea and in the North Adriatic (Ærtebjerg and Carstensen 2004). Figure IV.C.10. Mean frequency of hypoxia (
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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Page 51 and 52: correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Page 57 and 58: Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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Page 65 and 66: their vertical structure. In partic
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Page 75 and 76: Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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Page 81 and 82: Climate Change and the European Wat
Page 83 and 84: the processes controlling, regional
Page 85 and 86: Sea level rise is partially due to
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Page 93 and 94: CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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Page 103 and 104: system, their physiology and intern
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Page 107 and 108: IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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Page 117 and 118: Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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Page 123 and 124: member states. Moreover some agenci
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Page 127 and 128: V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
Page 129 and 130: Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
Page 131 and 132: In European forest policy, water is
Page 133 and 134: Drought mitigation and the involvem
Page 135 and 136: DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
Page 137 and 138: Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
Page 139 and 140: The quality class boundaries within
Page 141 and 142: An example of this kind of relation
Page 145 and 146: Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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