38. GEOHAB 2001. Global Ecology <strong>and</strong> Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms: Science Plan. P.M. Glibert, <strong>and</strong> G. Pitcher (eds). SCOR <strong>and</strong> IOC, Baltimore <strong>and</strong> Paris. 87pp. 39. Granéli E., Codd, G.A., Dale, B., Lipiatou, E., Maestrini, S.Y., <strong>and</strong> Rosenthal, H. 1999. EUROHAB. Science initiative. Harmful algal blooms in <strong>European</strong> marine <strong>and</strong> brackish waters. Energy, Environment <strong>and</strong> sustainable development. EUR 18592. 40. Grantham, B.A., Chan, F., Nielsen, K.J., Fox, D.S., Barth, J.A., Huyer, A., Lubchenco, J., <strong>and</strong> Menge, B.A. 2004. Upwelling-driven nearshore hypoxia signals ecosystem <strong>and</strong> oceanographic changes in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>ast Pacific. Nature 429: 749-754. 41. Guerzoni, S., Chester, R., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Loÿe-Pilot, M.-D., Measures, C., Migon, C., Molinari, E., Moulin, C., Rossini, P., Saydam, C., Soudine, A., <strong>and</strong> Ziveri, P. 1999. The role of atmospheric deposition in <strong>the</strong> biogeochemistry of <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 44: 147-190. 42. Herut, B., Krom, D., Pan, G., <strong>and</strong> Mortimer, R. 1999. Atmospheric input of nitrogen <strong>and</strong> phosphorus to <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Mediterranean: sources, fluxes, <strong>and</strong> possible impact. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 1683-1692. 43. Hoepffner, N., Sturm, B., Finenko, Z., <strong>and</strong> Larkin D. 1999. Depth-integrated primary production in <strong>the</strong> eastern tropical <strong>and</strong> subtropiocal North Atlantic basin from ocean colour imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20(7):1435-1456. 44. Hoerling, M., <strong>and</strong> Kumar, A. 2003. The perfect ocean for drought. Science 299: 691-694. 45. Hughes, L. 2000. Biological consequences of global warming: is <strong>the</strong> signal already apparent? - Trends in Ecology <strong>and</strong> Evolution 15: 56-61. 46. IPCC. 2001. <strong>Climate</strong> change 2001. The scientific basis. - Cambridge University Press. 47. Jevrejeva, S., Drabkin, V.V., Kostjukov, J., Lebedev, A.A., Leppäranta, M., Mironov, Ye.U., Schmelzer, N., <strong>and</strong> Sztobryn, M. 2004. Baltic Sea ice seasons in <strong>the</strong> twentieth century. Clim. Res. 25: 217-227. 48. De Jonge ,V.N., <strong>and</strong> de Jong, D.J. 2002. ‘Global <strong>Change</strong>’ Impact of interannual variation in water discharge as a driving factor to dredging <strong>and</strong> spoil disposal in <strong>the</strong> river Rhine system <strong>and</strong> of turbidity in <strong>the</strong> Wadden Sea. Estuarine, Coastal <strong>and</strong> Shelf Science 55: 969-991. 49. Justic, D., Turner, R.E., <strong>and</strong> Rabalais, N.N. 2003. Climatic influences on riverine nitrate flux: implications for coastal marine eutrophication <strong>and</strong> hypoxia. Estuaries 26(1):1-11. 50. Keeling, C. D., Chin, J. F. S. <strong>and</strong> Whorf, T. P. 1996. Increased activity of nor<strong>the</strong>rn vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements. - Nature 382: 146-149. 51. Körtzinger, A. 2003. A significant CO2 sink in <strong>the</strong> tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with <strong>the</strong> Amazon River plume. Geophys. Res. Let. 30 (24), 2287, doi:10.1029/2003GL018841. 52. Kouvarakis, G., Mihalopoulos, N., Tselepides, A., <strong>and</strong> Stavrakakis, S. 2001. On <strong>the</strong> importance of atmospheric inputs of inorganic nitrogen species on <strong>the</strong> productivity of <strong>the</strong> eastern Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 0: 1-13. 53. Kurosaki, Y., <strong>and</strong> Mikami, M. 2003. Recent frequent dust events <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir relation to surface wind in East Asia. Geophys. Res. Let. 30(14), 1736, doi:10.1029/2003GL017261. 54. Laane, R.W., Southward, P.M., Slinn, A.J., Allen, J., Groeneveld, G., de Vries, A. 1996. <strong>Change</strong>s <strong>and</strong> causes of variability in salinity <strong>and</strong> dissolved inorganic phosphate in <strong>the</strong> Irish Sea, English Channel, <strong>and</strong> Dutch coastal zone. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53: 933-944. 55. Lenes, J.M., Darrow, B.P., Cattrall, C., Heil, C.A., Callahan, M., Vargo, G.A., Byrne, R.H., Prospero, J.M., Bates, D.E., Fanning, K.A., <strong>and</strong> Walsh, J.J. 2001. iron fertilization <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Trichodesmium response on <strong>the</strong> West Florida shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:1261-1277. 56. Liu, K.K., Chen, C.-T.A., Gao, S., Hall, J., Macdonald, R.W., Talaue-McManus, L., <strong>and</strong> Quinones, R. 2000. Exploring continental Margin carbon fluxes on a global scale. Eos, Transact., AGU 81: 641-644. 57. Mace, K.A., Kubilay, N., <strong>and</strong> Duce, R.A. 2003. Organic nitrogen in rain <strong>and</strong> aerosol in <strong>the</strong> eastern Mediterranean atmosphere: an association with atmospheric dust. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D10), 4320, doi:10.1029/2002JD002997. 58. Mackenzie, F.T., Ver, L.M., <strong>and</strong> Lerman, A. 2002. Century-scale nitrogen <strong>and</strong> phosphorus controls of <strong>the</strong> carbon cycle. Chem. Geol. 190: 13-32. 59. Martiny, N., <strong>and</strong> Hoepffner, N. 2003. definition of an empirical index for dust aerosol remote sensing over <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean Sea: application to SeaWiFS data. Report of <strong>the</strong> <strong>European</strong> Commission EUR 20663 EN. 232
60. McCleery, R. H. <strong>and</strong> Perrins, C. M. 1998. Temperature <strong>and</strong> egg-laying trends. - Nature 391: 30-31. 61. McKee, B.A. 2003. RiOMar: <strong>the</strong> transport, transformation <strong>and</strong> fate of carbon in riverdominated ocean margins. Report of <strong>the</strong> RiOMar community workshop, Tulane University, New Orleans, 1-3 Nov. 2001. 62. Mélin, F., <strong>and</strong> Hoepffner, N. 2004. Global marine primary production: a satellite view. Technical Report of <strong>the</strong> <strong>European</strong> Commission. EUR 21084 EN. 63. Merico, A., Tyrrell, T., Brown, C.W., Groom, S.B., <strong>and</strong> Miller, P.I. 2003. Analysis of satellite imagery for Emiliana huxleyi bloooms in <strong>the</strong> Bering Sea before 1997. Geophys. Res. Let. 30(6), 1337, doi:10.1029/2002GL016648. 64. Meybeck, M. 1982. Carbon, nitrogen, <strong>and</strong> phosphorus transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci. 282: 401-450. 65. Moulin, C., Lambert, C.E., Dulac, F., <strong>and</strong> Dayan, U. 1997. Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by <strong>the</strong> North Atlantic Oscillation. Nature 387:691-694. 66. Murray, N, Bar<strong>the</strong>l, K.-G, Barth, H., <strong>and</strong> Fragakis, C. 2001. Introduction: <strong>European</strong> L<strong>and</strong>- Ocean Interaction Studies: <strong>the</strong> ELOISE <strong>the</strong>matic network. – Cont. Shelf Res. 21 (18-19). 67. Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G. <strong>and</strong> Nemani, R. R. 1997. Increased plant growth in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. - Nature 386: 698-702. 68. Naqvi, S.W.A., Jayakumar, D.A., Narvekar, P.V., Naik, H., Sarma, V.V.S.S., D’Souza, W., Joseph, S., <strong>and</strong> George, M.D. 2000. Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on <strong>the</strong> Indian continental shelf. Nature 408:346-349. 69. Napp, J.M., <strong>and</strong> Hunt Jr., G.L. 2001. Anomalous conditions in <strong>the</strong> south-eastern Bering Sea 1997: linkages among climate, wea<strong>the</strong>r, ocean, <strong>and</strong> biology. Fish. Oceanogr. 10:61- 68. 70. Omstedt, A., Pettersen, C., Rodhe, J., <strong>and</strong> Winsor, P. 2004. Blatic Sea <strong>Climate</strong>: 200 yr of data on air temperature, sea level variation, ice cover, <strong>and</strong> atmospheric circulation. Clim. Res. 25: 205-216. 71. Paerl, H.W., <strong>and</strong> Whithall, D.R. 1999. Anthropogenically-derived atmospheric nitrogen deposition, marine eutrophication <strong>and</strong> harmful algal bloom expansion: is <strong>the</strong>re a link? Ambio 28:307-311. 72. Pal, J.S., Giorgi, F., <strong>and</strong> Bi, X. 2004. Consistency of recent <strong>European</strong> summer precipitation trends <strong>and</strong> extremes with future regional climate projections. Geophys. Res. Let. 31: L13202, doi:10.1029/2004GL019836. 73. Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., Tennent, W. J., Thomas, J. A. <strong>and</strong> Warren, M. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. - Nature 399: 579-583. 74. Peperzak, L. 2003. <strong>Climate</strong> change <strong>and</strong> harmful algal blooms in <strong>the</strong> North Sea. Acta Oecologica 24:S139-S144. 75. Pounds, J. A. 2001. <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>and</strong> amphibian declines. - Nature 410: 639-640. 76. Poutanen, E.-L., <strong>and</strong> Nikkilä, K. 2001. Carotenoid pigments as tracers of cyanobacterial blooms in recent <strong>and</strong> post-glacial sediments of <strong>the</strong> Baltic Sea. Ambio 30:179-183. 77. Prospero, J.M., Uematsu, M., <strong>and</strong> Savoie, D.L. 1989. Mineral aerosol transport to <strong>the</strong> Pacific Ocean. In: J.P. Riley, R. Chester, R.A. Duce (eds). Chemical oceanography, vol. 10. Academic Press. London. 78. Quero, J.-C., Du Buit, M.-H. <strong>and</strong> Vayne, J.-J. 1998. Les observations de poissons tropicaux et le réchauffement des eaux dans l'Atlantique européen. - Oceanologica Acta 21: 345-351. 79. Rabalais, N.N., Turner, R.E., Justic, D., Dortch, Q., Wiseman Jr., W.J., <strong>and</strong> Sen Gupta, B.K. 1996. Nutrient changes in <strong>the</strong> Mississippi River <strong>and</strong> system responses on <strong>the</strong> adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries 19(2B):386-407. 80. Redfield, A.C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in <strong>the</strong> environment. Am. Sci. 46:205-221. 81. Reid, P. C., Colebrook, J. M., Mat<strong>the</strong>ws, J. B. L., Aiken, J., Barnard, R., Batten, S. D., Beaugr<strong>and</strong>, G., Buckl<strong>and</strong>, C., Edwards, M., Finlayson, J., Gregory, L., Halliday, N., John, A. W. G., Johns, D., Johnson, A. D., Jonas, T., Lindley, J. A., Nyman, J., Pritchard, P., Richardson, A. J., Saxby, R. E., Sidey, J., Smith, M. A., Stevens, D. P., Tranter, P., Walne, A., Wootton, M., Wotton, C. O. M. <strong>and</strong> Wright, J. C. 2003. The Continuous Plankton Recorder: concepts <strong>and</strong> history, from plankton indicator to undulating recorders. - Progress in Oceanography 58: 117-173. 233
- Page 1 and 2:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 3 and 4:
European Commission- Joint Research
- Page 5 and 6:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 7 and 8:
At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
- Page 9 and 10:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 11 and 12:
Changes in the diurnal variation of
- Page 13 and 14:
Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
- Page 15 and 16:
century. This corresponds to a sea
- Page 17 and 18:
Other causes Other causes of climat
- Page 19 and 20:
tropospheric ozone are photochemica
- Page 21 and 22:
Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
- Page 23 and 24:
There are two indirect effects of a
- Page 25 and 26:
The projected warming is not unifor
- Page 27 and 28:
water towards the west Pacific caus
- Page 29 and 30:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 31 and 32:
Aerosols and climate change in the
- Page 33 and 34:
precipitation intensities have been
- Page 35 and 36:
Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
- Page 37 and 38:
Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
- Page 39 and 40:
Figure III.4. Projected change in s
- Page 41 and 42:
eduction in the rate of evaporation
- Page 43 and 44:
characteristics may or may not be u
- Page 45 and 46:
temperatures potentially lead to hi
- Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
- Page 49 and 50:
Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
- Page 51 and 52:
correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
- Page 53 and 54:
Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
- Page 55 and 56:
numbers refer to water bodies bigge
- Page 57 and 58:
Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
- Page 59 and 60:
quality degradation and meet the in
- Page 61 and 62:
sufficient resolution and accuracy
- Page 63 and 64:
Windermere in the English Lake Dist
- Page 65 and 66:
their vertical structure. In partic
- Page 67 and 68:
have recently described a method th
- Page 69 and 70:
The available evidence suggests tha
- Page 71 and 72:
1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
- Page 73 and 74:
The projected increase in the atmos
- Page 75 and 76:
Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
- Page 77 and 78:
vertical bars are a simple measure
- Page 79 and 80:
values, with an upper limit of 30°
- Page 81 and 82:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 83 and 84:
the processes controlling, regional
- Page 85 and 86:
Sea level rise is partially due to
- Page 87 and 88:
Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
- Page 89 and 90:
and organic material more rapidly t
- Page 91 and 92:
suggesting that climate rather than
- Page 93 and 94:
CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
- Page 95 and 96:
looms are often associated with tox
- Page 97 and 98:
events of dense water through the D
- Page 99 and 100:
(1) Are we already observing a resp
- Page 101 and 102:
eastern and western side of the Nor
- Page 103 and 104:
system, their physiology and intern
- Page 105 and 106:
each coastal element be studied and
- Page 107 and 108:
IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
- Page 109 and 110:
In the last decade, a general model
- Page 111 and 112:
topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
- Page 113 and 114:
Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
- Page 115 and 116:
esilient to environmental changes a
- Page 117 and 118:
Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
- Page 119 and 120:
It is realized that adaptation to c
- Page 121 and 122:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 123 and 124:
member states. Moreover some agenci
- Page 125 and 126:
Large, global scale climatic driver
- Page 127 and 128:
V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
- Page 129 and 130:
Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
- Page 131 and 132:
In European forest policy, water is
- Page 133 and 134:
Drought mitigation and the involvem
- Page 135 and 136:
DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
- Page 137 and 138:
Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
- Page 139 and 140:
The quality class boundaries within
- Page 141 and 142:
An example of this kind of relation
- Page 143 and 144:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 145 and 146:
Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
- Page 147 and 148:
een observed in southwestern countr
- Page 149 and 150:
Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
- Page 151 and 152:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 153 and 154:
Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
- Page 155 and 156:
Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
- Page 157 and 158:
Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
- Page 159 and 160:
Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
- Page 161 and 162:
TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
- Page 163 and 164:
Data availability and investigation
- Page 165 and 166:
smaller volume of water. The warmer
- Page 167 and 168:
Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
- Page 169 and 170:
Concerning the flora of the lagoon
- Page 171 and 172:
Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
- Page 173 and 174:
Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 175 and 176:
Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
- Page 177 and 178:
Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
- Page 179 and 180:
factors including an appropriate su
- Page 181 and 182: with the lower limit range indicate
- Page 183 and 184: Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
- Page 185 and 186: the main carrier of nutrients to gr
- Page 187 and 188: system pathway shows an increase of
- Page 189 and 190: Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
- Page 191 and 192: Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
- Page 193 and 194: Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
- Page 195 and 196: Many studies during the 90’s have
- Page 197 and 198: Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 199 and 200: severe flooding were investigated (
- Page 201 and 202: Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
- Page 203 and 204: Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
- Page 205 and 206: Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
- Page 207 and 208: Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 209 and 210: Second, the chemical is transported
- Page 211 and 212: POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
- Page 213 and 214: and ice have quite a low capacity t
- Page 215 and 216: Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
- Page 217 and 218: Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 219 and 220: 22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
- Page 221 and 222: 31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
- Page 223 and 224: 28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
- Page 225 and 226: 63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
- Page 227 and 228: 99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
- Page 229 and 230: 136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
- Page 231: 14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
- Page 235 and 236: 105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
- Page 237 and 238: ecosystems and the landscape and de
- Page 239 and 240: 2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
- Page 241 and 242: 24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
- Page 243 and 244: European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
- Page 245 and 246: 4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
- Page 247 and 248: variable trophic status: a paired l
- Page 249 and 250: Climate Change and the European Wat
- Page 251 and 252: France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
- Page 253: Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa