Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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open question. According to Cazenave et al. (2001), however, the rate of sea level rise in the Alboran and Aegean Sea estimated at the end of the 1990’s, is the highest value of the past 30 to 40 years, and would correlate with a continuous increase in sea surface temperature over the basin. Figure IV.C.1. Average sea level rise (mean sea level MSL, in mm) from tidal gauges collected at different coastal locations around the world. (Source: Richmond and Barker, http://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/sealevel/sealevel.htm). Figure IV.C.2. Rates of sea level change in the Mediterranean Sea as computed with Topex-Poseidon altimeter data between Jan. 1993 and Feb. 2004. (Source: LEGOS/CNES, Toulouse. A. Cazenave, with permission ) 84
Sea level rise is partially due to expansion of seawater volume with increasing temperature. The Mediterranean Sea being almost totally landlocked, and with restricted exchange of water with the Atlantic ocean has often been compared to a miniature model of the worlds oceans, where environmental changes occurring at large scale can be effectively measured and monitored. In terms of climatic warming the Mediterranean Sea is probably one of the first places where such effect has been measured. Change in surface temperature (SST) conditions has been analyzed using NOAA AVHRR satellite data covering the Mediterranean Sea for the period January 1982 to December 2000 (L. Nykjaer, JRC, pers. comm.). Figure IV.C.3 shows the trend of SST from best linear fit through the dataset. An increasing SST trend is evident over the entire basin with the eastern Mediterranean Sea showing an increase of 0.12 °C.year -1 , and about 0.1 °C.year -1 for the western basin. The spatial resolution of the satellite data (4 km) additionally reveals non-homogeneous patterns of the SST trend especially in the eastern basin. These patterns are linked to mesoscale circulation and changes in water mass distribution. Temperature increases may exceed 3-4°C at mesoscale resolution over the 19-year period, with consequences to sea level rise, ecosystem functioning, eutrophication, physical circulation, biodiversity and marine resource distribution. Figure IV.C.3. Annual rate of SST change for the Mediterranean Sea for the period 1982-2000. (from L. Nykjaer, JRC Ispra, personal communication). In addition to an increase in the volume of water, the impacts of a sea level rise include coastal flooding and erosion, as well as landward intrusion of salt water with subsequent changes in the chemical characteristics of near-shore aquifers and coastal lakes, subsequently affecting the ecosystem community structures. Coastal wetlands are likely to be most vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise (Figure IV.C.4). All these effects will be further exacerbated by an increasing vulnerability to storms and waves. However, the impact of sea level rise onto these habitats can be to some extent mitigated by changes in hydrologic cycle and intensification of precipitation on land leading to larger sediment delivery from the catchment basin, and subsequent accretion in low-lying areas and deltaic environment. A complete assessment of sea level effects on the coastal systems must therefore take into account changes in the hydrologic cycle over land. 85
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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