Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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Mean depth, m Phytoplankton biomass, mgWW m -3 Water column irradiance, % TN, mg l -1 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Depth year Depth spring 2.0 1.8 1.6 Depth year: r = 0.3194, p = 0.0041 Depth spring: r = 0.3893, p = 0.0004 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Year Spring Summer Autumn NAOw Year: r = -0.59, p = 0.00009 Spring: r = -0.08, p = 0.6 Summer: r = -0.59, p = 0.00009 Autumn: r = -0.49, p = 0.0026 0 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 Yearly average lake depth, m < 2 2 - 3 > 3 Average lake depth, m < 2 2 - 3 > 3 Average lake depth, m 164 TP, mg m -3 TN/TP, mg mg -1 80 Year: r = -0.02, p = 0.9 Spring: r = 0.48, p = 0.004 70 Summer: r = -0.1, p = 0.5 Autumn: r = -0.08, p = 0.6 60 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 NAOw 2 3 4 220 180 140 100 60 20 -20 90 70 50 30 10 -10 < 2 2 - 3 > 3 Average lake depth, m < 2 2 - 3 > 3 Average lake depth, m Figure VI.A.12. Relationship between the mean depth and concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), TN/TP mass ratio and average irradiance of the water column in L. Võrtsjärv (Nõges et al. 2003). Several winter fish-kills have been documented in Lake Võrtsjärv during the last century (in 1939, 1948, 1967, 1969, 1978, 1987, 1996). One reason for these fishkills is the depletion of oxygen in low-water years during late winter when the underice oxygen concentration dropped faster due to smaller amount dissolved in the Phytoplankton biomass, mgWW m -3 50 40 30 20 10 Year Spring Summer Autumn Figure VI.A.11. Correlation of the lake depth, and phytoplankton biomass in L. Võrtsjärv with North Atlantic Oscillation Index in winter (NAOw), and the relation of phytoplankton biomass with lake depth
smaller volume of water. The warmer and wetter climate bringing about higher water level in Lake Võrtsjärv would decrease the risk of fish-kills in the lake (Figure VI.A.13). Earlier ice-out Longer vegetation period Lower phytoplankton biomass & less N 2 fixing cyanobacteria Higher NAO Warmer and wetter northern hemisphere Higher water level Thicker mixed layer Poorer light climate Lower shear stress Weaker resuspension Lower P Lower denitrific ation Higher N Figure VI.A.13. Consequences of global warming on phytoplankton and fish-kills in Lake Võrtsjärv. Conclusion In non-stratified shallow lakes the changes of the lake depth affect the average illumination of the mixed water column, resuspension intensity, nutrient release from sediments, and denitrification rate. These factors are important as they control the growth and composition of phytoplankton that is the first link of the pelagic food web. Cold winters often characterised by low water level have caused several winter fishkills in the lake. In warmer and wetter climate the probability of both the summer blue-green blooms and winter fish-kills are supposed to decrease in L. Võrtsjärv. Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by Estonian Ministry of Education (project 0362480s03), by Estonian Science Foundation (grants 5425 and 5738), and by the European Union project CLIME (contract EVK1-CT-2002-00121). We used data obtained in frames of the State Monitoring Program of the Estonian Ministry of Environment. 165 Earlier ice-out Shorter period for O 2 decrease Smaller risk of winter fish kill Higher NAO Warmer and wetter northern hemisphere Higher water level Bigger initial O 2 pool Algal O 2 production More thaw periods Less snow on ice O 2 inflow with meltwater
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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