Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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V.C.2. WFD implementation and adaptation to climate change Although the influence of human activities on climate represents an adverse environmental impact, the management of that impact is global rather than only a European-scale issue. In the background paper evaluating the REFCOND guidance Owen et al. (2002) wrote:”The benefits of recording global impacts through the Directive’s classification scheme are likely to be outweighed by the increased complexity of determining the relative significance of these pressures.” Although the underlying causes of human effects on climate are beyond the scope of river basin planning, the river basin management plans can be used as an istrument to mitigate adverse effects of climate impact. However, there will be adverse effects of humaninduced climate change that cannot be avoided, even with co-ordinated action at a European level. As a consequence, classification scales and therefore the river basin management plans need to be adapted taking into account the effects of climate change. Typology and type specific reference conditions of water bodies Depending on geographic region, catchment geology and size, water bodies obtain naturally different chemical and physical features and offer different habitats for biota. Water bodies located in areas of fertile soils with rich mineral composition show naturally higher nutrient concentrations and higher productivity compared, e.g. to water bodies in silicious catchments. Trophic scales like that worked out by the OECD (1982) are useful tools for describing these differences but do not allow distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic eutrophication. To enable the distinction between natural variability and anthropogenically caused changes, the WFD introduced the requirement to work out a detailed typology of water bodies and to specify type specific reference conditions (RC) that could serve as the basis for water quality assessment. As the principle issues for the WFD implementation related to typology of water bodies, Owen et al. (2001) pointed out the following questions: • how much natural variation can be accommodated within types? • how can we differentiate between natural variation and impact? • should we update the natural range of values to accommodate “natural” changes, such as climate change? The factors used to build up the typology are summarised in Table V.C.1. Several of the typology factors suggested by the WFD are actually climatic variables (mean air temperature, precipitation), have an intimate linkage to them (altitude, latitude, longitude, river flow, water level, lake mixing) or may be influenced by climate in a longer perspective (morphometric characteristics). As a result of climate change, water bodies, especially those located near the boundary of the type characteristics, may change in type. The most probable changes, already observed in some cases, are the changes in lake mixing type. In warmer climate cold monomictic lakes may stratify in summer and become dimictic (Sorvari, 2001). The disappearance of ice-cover will cause a continuous mixing in winter turning previously dimictic lakes into warm monomictic lakes. Higher stability of the water column may prevent full mixing of deep lakes changing them from holomictic to meromictic (Ambrosetti et al., 2003). Decrease in precipitation often accompanied by increased summer temperatures in the future climate scenarios for warm regions will consistently change river discharges, increase evaporation and cause a shift from permanent to temporary water bodies. All these changes will have a major impact on the ecosystems of these water bodies. 138
The quality class boundaries within the WFD are set in relation to the reference conditions. Six principal methods were suggested by the REFCOND Working Group (REFCOND, 2003) for setting type-specific reference conditions (Figure V.C. 1). Four of them, based on using spatial networks, modelling, curve fitting, and expert judgement, are able to consider also climate change impacts, while methods based on paleo-ecology and historical data are more static. It is also possible to consider the RC as a flexible, non-static reference, capable of responding to natural changes. The concept of a flexible RC could be the appropriate way to incorporate irriversible large-scale anthropogenic impacts (e.g. climate change, species extinctions and introduction) in the WFD assessment systems. This could be based on periodical monitoring of a set of reference sites and adjusting the values of reference conditions taking into account long-term natural processes (de Wilde et al., 2002), together with the effects of climate change. If RC are not updated in these circumstances a deterioration in status would be recorded under the classification scheme. Table V.C.1. Obligatory and optional factors for characterisation of surface water body types given in Annex II of the WFD. Factors sensitive to climate variability/climate change are marked in red colour Obligatory factors Optional factors altitude latitude longitude geology size Rivers Lakes distance from river source energy of flow mean water width mean water depth mean water slope form and shape of main river bed river flow category valley shape transport of solids acid neutralising capacity mean substratum composition chloride air temperature range mean air temperature precipitation 139 altitude latitude longitude depth geology size mean water depth lake shape residence time mean air temperature air temperature range mixing characteristics acid neutralising capacity background nutrient status mean substratum composition water level fluctuation
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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