Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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landcover decreases from north to south and remains below 0.5% in several southern countries in Europe like Bulgaria, Slovenia, Macedonia, France, Spain, and Portugal. In these areas man-made lakes such as reservoirs and ponds occur more frequently than natural lakes. In Spain, for instance, there are more than 1,000 large reservoirs. Also in Belgium, The Netherlands, Southern England, Slovakia, and the central parts of Germany there are generally few natural lakes. As lakes can be used for water supply, irrigation and several other purposes, the relative importance of each lake is reciprocally related to the occurrence of lakes in a particular area. Table IV.B.1. Percentage of the total area of lakes and reservoirs in the total country area. Data on CORINE landcover (unit 512 “lakes”) from the EEA database, country areas from UN database if not indicated otherwise Country Percentage of lakes in landcover Sweden 9 1 Finland 8.72 Norway 4.65 2 Estonia 4.38 Switzerland 3.99 3 Ireland 1.80 Lithuania 1.66 Latvia 1.59 Albania 1.40 The Netherlands 1.28 Hungary 1.20 Poland 1.20 United Kingdom 0.89 Germany 0.84 Denmark 0.82 Romania 0.64 Czech Republic 0.63 Greece 0.59 Italy 0.57 Austria 0.49 Bulgaria 0.47 Spain 0.39 Belgium 0.35 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.35 Portugal 0.32 Slovakia 0.32 Macedonia 0.31 France 0.28 Luxembourg 0.15 Slovenia 1 http://www.internat.naturvardsverket.se 0.13 2 http://www.ssb.no/english/yearbook/2002/tab/t-010101-022.html 3 Aggregated airphoto-based estimate together with rivers after Waser et al. (2000) Lakes, which the following numbers demonstrate, dominate the landscape of Northern Europe: 65,000 lakes in Norway, 95,700 lakes in Sweden and 187,888 lakes in Finland (Henriksen et al., 1998). The number of lakes counted in each country depends on the lower size limit set to separate ponds from lakes. The given 54
numbers refer to water bodies bigger than 500 m 2 . In Finland, for example, the number decreases to 56,000 for lakes bigger than 1 ha, and only 309 lakes exceed the size of 10 km 2 . The main reason for this high density of lakes is the relatively young landscape formed after the last ice age, 10,000 years ago. The most common lake types are small and shallow lakes (
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Climate Change and the European Wat
Page 3 and 4: European Commission- Joint Research
Page 5 and 6: Climate Change and the European Wat
Page 7 and 8: At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
Page 11 and 12: Changes in the diurnal variation of
Page 13 and 14: Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
Page 15 and 16: century. This corresponds to a sea
Page 17 and 18: Other causes Other causes of climat
Page 19 and 20: tropospheric ozone are photochemica
Page 21 and 22: Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
Page 23 and 24: There are two indirect effects of a
Page 25 and 26: The projected warming is not unifor
Page 27 and 28: water towards the west Pacific caus
Page 31 and 32: Aerosols and climate change in the
Page 33 and 34: precipitation intensities have been
Page 35 and 36: Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
Page 37 and 38: Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
Page 39 and 40: Figure III.4. Projected change in s
Page 41 and 42: eduction in the rate of evaporation
Page 43 and 44: characteristics may or may not be u
Page 45 and 46: temperatures potentially lead to hi
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
Page 49 and 50: Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
Page 51 and 52: correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
Page 53: Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
Page 57 and 58: Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
Page 59 and 60: quality degradation and meet the in
Page 61 and 62: sufficient resolution and accuracy
Page 63 and 64: Windermere in the English Lake Dist
Page 65 and 66: their vertical structure. In partic
Page 67 and 68: have recently described a method th
Page 69 and 70: The available evidence suggests tha
Page 71 and 72: 1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
Page 73 and 74: The projected increase in the atmos
Page 75 and 76: Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
Page 77 and 78: vertical bars are a simple measure
Page 79 and 80: values, with an upper limit of 30°
Page 83 and 84: the processes controlling, regional
Page 85 and 86: Sea level rise is partially due to
Page 87 and 88: Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
Page 89 and 90: and organic material more rapidly t
Page 91 and 92: suggesting that climate rather than
Page 93 and 94: CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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Page 97 and 98: events of dense water through the D
Page 99 and 100: (1) Are we already observing a resp
Page 101 and 102: eastern and western side of the Nor
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Lake Surface Temperature [°C] Desc
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Case Study: Esthwaite Water, Cumbri
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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