Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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Climate Change and the European Water Dimension Chapter VI.F.1 Climate Change, Extreme Events and POPs – an example Key Points • The mobilisation, distribution and fate of chemical pollutants and pathogens through floodwaters are a source of public concern. • In the 2002 Elbe flood, no significant increase was measured in levels of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs in river and floodplain sediments after the flood with few exceptions. Concentrations of trace metals, hydrocarbons, PAHs, organochloro-pesticides, and PCBs exceeded German guidelines only in a few isolated cases, without distinct threats to human health. • The 2002 flooding event did not result in a large-scale contamination of the areas affected by the floodwaters. The relatively high contamination levels found in the floodplains represent the historic dimension of repeated flood events in upstream industrial regions. • Floods have the capacity to re-mobilize and re-distribute large amounts of contaminants; increased incidence or severity of floods has the potential to cause widespread contamination. 202
Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extreme Events, Dioxins and the 2002 Flood in the River Elbe Chapter VI.F.1. Introduction Press and radio reporting during the late summer of 2002 was dominated by flooding of the Rivers Elbe, Danube and Moldau catchments. Devastating damage of private property, infrastructure, industrial and commercial enterprises and cultural monuments, together with numerous fatalities, especially in the Elbe catchment, eclipsed all flood damages ever experienced in central Europe. Heavy floods are periodic natural phenomena as the climatic history of central Europe shows. Their recurrence is foreseeable and consequently preventive measures against floods have always been part of the human settlement history along rivers. But the extent of damages caused by floods is rising as function of urbanisation of the river catchments and even without any change of climatic factors, urban areas are continuously moving towards a higher flood risk. Several determining factors are known: Settlement areas on former floodplains increase the amount of “economic damage” through floods, even though the flood intensity remains the same. Straightening (channelling) of river courses and dikes separate the river from its floodplains and alluvial forests, which before, acted as natural buffers that temporarily absorbed floodwaters and flattened the flood peaks. Overall, it is estimated that only 20% of Europe’s floodplains remain functional. In addition the water storage capacity in soils of the river catchments has decreased as a result of surface sealing in urban areas, deforestation, and soil compaction on agricultural land. Consequently a given amount of precipitation moves comparatively faster and at increasing floodwater levels through the river catchment of an urban area. On top of these physical changes of the catchment properties, an increase of intensity of precipitation has been observed in the recent years and is being discussed in the context of climate change. Besides various aspects of increasing physical damages related to floods the mobilisation, distribution and fate of chemical pollutants and pathogens through floodwaters have received public concern in the recent years. Past observations of fish kills in floodwaters, caused by mobilization of anoxic sediments and the related decrease of dissolved oxygen in the water, have demonstrated that large water flow does not necessarily result in a dilution of pollutants. In contrast the complex dynamics of sedimentation and re-suspension in riverbeds typically result in a “first flush” of sediment born pollutants during flood events. In addition, flooding of urban areas, especially behind broken dikes, affects industrial sites, mining areas, sewage sludge plants, and waste deposits, and may result in additional pollutant releases from terrestrial sources. The mobilisation of pollutants during the Elbe flood in 2002 was addressed in the frame of an a issued by the German federal ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung - BMBF) involving various research institutes and federal institutions in Germany and Czech Republic. The objective of this project 5 was the determination of pollutants in water, soil, river sediment and floodwater sediments combined with an assessment of related threats to the environment and human health. 5 The final report can be downloaded from http://www.ufz.de/data/HWEnd1333.pdf 203
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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An example of this kind of relation
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Regions 1 to 5 represent mainly a m
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een observed in southwestern countr
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Table V.D.2: Percentage area affect
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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