Figure VI.F.4. Maximum Reservoir Capacity (MRC) for PCB-28, January (A) <strong>and</strong> July (B). Different scales are used in <strong>the</strong> two predictions. ⎡ 0. 2RT ⎤ d MRC = foc KOA ⎢ 0. 246 × ρ × × + × ⎣ H ⎥ ⎦ AML where R is <strong>the</strong> gas law constant, T is <strong>the</strong> absolute temperature, foc is <strong>the</strong> fraction of organic carbon in <strong>the</strong> soil, ρ is <strong>the</strong> soil density (kg/l), H is <strong>the</strong> dimensionless Henry’s law constant, d is <strong>the</strong> active soil depth (here 1 mm was considered), AML is <strong>the</strong> air mixing layer (1000 m). 216
<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>European</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>Dimension</strong> References by Section: I. Global <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong> II. <strong>European</strong> Regional <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong> 1. Andreae M.O., Rosenfeld D., Artaxo P., Costa A.A., Frank G.P., Longo K.M., Silva- Dias M.A.F., Smoking rain clouds over <strong>the</strong> Amazon, Science, 303, 1337-1342, 2004. 2. Beniston M., Ohmura A., Rotach M., Tschuck P. Wild M. <strong>and</strong> Marinucci M.R., Simulation of climate trends over <strong>the</strong> Alpine Region. In Development of physically based modelling studies for application to regional studies of current <strong>and</strong> future climate. Final scientific report no. 4031-33250, Swiss National Science Foundation, Bern, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, 1995. 3. Gauss M et al. (23 authors), Radiative forcing in <strong>the</strong> 21st century due to ozone changes in <strong>the</strong> troposphere <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10,1029/2002JD002624, 2003. 4. Hansen J., Can we defuse <strong>the</strong> global warming time bomb? http://naturalscience.com/ns/articles/01-16/ns_jeh.html, 2003. 5. Hansen J., A brighter future, <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, 52, 435-440, 2002. 6. Hansen J. et al. (28 authors), <strong>Climate</strong> forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001143, 2002. 7. Hansen J. <strong>and</strong> Nazarenko L., Soot climate forcing via snow <strong>and</strong> ice albedos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 423-428, 2004. 8. Hansen J. <strong>and</strong> Sato M., Trends of measured climate forcing agents, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 14778-14783, 2001. 9. Hauglustaine D.A. <strong>and</strong> Brasseur G.P., Evolution of tropospheric ozone under anthropogenic activities <strong>and</strong> associated radiative forcing of climate, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32337-32360, 2001. 10. Houghton J.T. et al., <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> 200. The scientific basis (Contribution of Working Group 1 to <strong>the</strong> Third Assessment Report of <strong>the</strong> Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001. 11. Hulme M. <strong>and</strong> Osborne T.J., Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3379-3382, 1998. 12. Kaufman Y.J., Tanre D. <strong>and</strong> Boucher O., A satellite view of aerosols in <strong>the</strong> climate system, Nature, 215-223, 2002. 13. Kerr R.A., Three degrees of consensus, Science, 305, 932-934, 2004. 14. Kullman, L., 20th century climate warming trend <strong>and</strong> tree-limit rise in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn Sc<strong>and</strong>es of Sweden, Ambio, 30, 72-80, 2001 15. Lelieveld J. et al. (31 authors), Global air pollution crossroads over <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean, Science, 298, 794-799, 2002 16. Luterbacher J., Dietrich D., Xoplaki E., Grosjean M. <strong>and</strong> Wanner H., <strong>European</strong> seasonal <strong>and</strong> annual temperature variability, trends <strong>and</strong> extremes since 1500, Science, 303, 1499-1503, 2004. 17. McCarty J.J. et al., <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong> 2001. Impacts, Adaptation , <strong>and</strong> vulnerability (Contribution of Working Group II to <strong>the</strong> Third Assessment Report of <strong>the</strong> Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001. 18. Menon S., Hansen J., Nazarenko L. <strong>and</strong> Luo Y., <strong>Climate</strong> effects of black carbon aerosols in India <strong>and</strong> China, Science, 297, 2250-2253, 2002. 19. Nakicenovic N. et al., Emissions Scenarios. A special report of Working Group III of <strong>the</strong> Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Change</strong>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. 20. Parry M. et al., Assessment of potential effects <strong>and</strong> adaptations for climate change in Europe. The Europe ACACIA project, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 2000. 21. Ramanathan V. et al. (40 authors), Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of <strong>the</strong> climate forcing <strong>and</strong> effects of <strong>the</strong> great Indo-Asian haze, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28371-28398, 2001. 217
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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