Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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typically present in concentrations less than 1 % of the Hg 0 (see Table VI.D.I for details). Table VI.D.1 - Typical concentrations of Hg species in the planetary boundary layer. Species Conc Range Hg 0 (ng m -3 ) 0.5 – 1.2 1.1 – 1.8 0.8 – 2.2 1.5 – 15 0.1 – 1.4 0.1 – 1.1 1.7 – 4.1 Hg(II) (pg m -3 ) < 30 up to 40 5 – > 50 up to 200 Hg(p) (ng m -3 ) 0.1 – 5 CH3HgX (CH3)2Hg < 5 Hg(II) in precipitation (ng L -1 ) 0.1 – 25 5 - >50 192 Location References Atlantic air, southern hemisphere Atlantic air, continental background, northern hemisphere Mediterranean air* Continental air, urbanized, industrial Arctic* Antarctica* United States Background air marine and continental (1) near sources Antarctica and Arctic (1) Background air Marine (Mediterranean air) (1) Continental background, higher near sources. Antarctica and Arctic (1) UNEP, 2002 Wängberg et al., 2001; EC, 2001 Sprovieri et al., 2003; Pirrone et al., 2001; 2003a Sprovieri et al., 2000 Sprovieri et al., 2002; Ebinghaus et al., 2002 Keeler et al., 1995 Landis et al., 2002 Sprovieri et al., 2003; Pirrone et al., 2001; 2003 Wängberg et al., 2003 Sprovieri et al., 2002 Sprovieri et al., 2003; Pirrone et al., 2001; 2003 Wängberg et al., 2003 Sprovieri et al., 2002 0.1 – 10 Background air Lee et al., 2003 Background air -30 Marine polar air 1 – 20 Background / marine locations Wängberg et al., 2001 Keeler et al., 1995 (*) Sampling time of 5 minutes, whereas the average concentrations reported in the table are related to the whole study period. (1) Sampling time of 2 hours, whereas the average concentrations reported in the table are related to the whole study period.
Atmospheric deposition to marine waters is driven primary by particle dry deposition and wet scavenging by precipitation mechanisms. Generally, the relative contribution of wet deposition accounts for about two thirds of the overall mercury budget entering to the marine system compared to particle dry deposition. However, in warm and dry region (i.e., Mediterranean) dry deposition was found to account for nearly 50% of the total flux. Gas exchange of gaseous mercury between the top water microlayer and the atmosphere is considered the major mechanisms driving gaseous mercury from the seawater to the air (e.g., Pirrone et al. 2001; Pirrone et al. 2003). Once released to marine waters, it undergoes a number of chemical and physical transformations. Hg 0 is found in the mixed layer and in deeper waters of the ocean with concentrations generally ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 pM (e.g., Horvat et al. 2000). Gas exchange via Hg reduction and volatilization is the major loss term for marine Hg. Due to the low solubility of Hg 0 in water, almost all the aqueous mercury is present as Hg(II) in the inorganic form and organic methylmercury. Mercury levels in fish constitute a long-standing health hazard and this environmental problem relates predominantly to the conversion of inorganic Hg in neurotoxic monomethylmercury (MMHg) and dimethylmercury (DMHg) (e.g., IARC, 1994). MMHg is about 100 times more toxic than inorganic Hg and has been found to be mutagenic under experimental conditions. Anthropogenic activities presumably increased the surface water marine Hg concentration by a factor three, an increase which resulted amongst others in elevated Hg concentrations in marine fishes (e.g., Amyot et al. 1997; Horvat et al. 2001). It is currently thought that most of the methylated Hg found in the water column and the biota of the marine waters is generated by in-situ production, though the reaction mechanisms are not yet clearly understood (e.g., Mason et al. 2002; Hintelman et al. 1997). Variations in the regional and global mercury cycle between atmospheric, marine and terrestrial ecosystems over time can occur due to changes in emissions of mercury and other atmospheric contaminants (e.g., NOx, SO2) as well as to climate change. The effects driven by climate change on the global mercury cycle can be classified as primary and secondary effects. Primary effects account for an increase in air and sea temperatures, wind speeds and variation in precipitation patterns, whereas secondary effects are related to an increase in O3 concentration and aerosol loading, to a decrease of sea ice cover in the Arctic and changes in plant growth regimes. All these primary and secondary effects may act with difference time scales and influence the atmospheric residence time of mercury and ultimately its dynamics from local to regional and global scale. VI.D.2. The Lifetime of Hg 0 (g) in the Planetary Boundary Layer The lifetime of elemental mercury is determined by the reactions which convert Hg 0 (g) to Hg(II)(g) which is much more readily scavenged and deposits much more rapidly than Hg 0 (g). The major atmospheric oxidants of Hg 0 (g) are O3 and OH in the continental boundary layer and Br and other reactive halogen species in the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL). There are exceptions to these generalisations however, it is known that in the Arctic halogens are important in so-called Mercury Depletion Events (MDEs), these are nonetheless seen at coastal sites and thus not far removed from the MBL. The other known exception is the Mediterranean Sea region, where very high O3 concentrations are seen, particularly during the summertime (when air quality 193
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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numbers refer to water bodies bigge
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Table IV.B.2. Number of large dams*
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quality degradation and meet the in
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sufficient resolution and accuracy
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Windermere in the English Lake Dist
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their vertical structure. In partic
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have recently described a method th
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The available evidence suggests tha
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1979). In contrast, heavy rain incr
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The projected increase in the atmos
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Aulacoseira spp. favour the changed
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vertical bars are a simple measure
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values, with an upper limit of 30°
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the processes controlling, regional
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Sea level rise is partially due to
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Box # 1: The North Sea The North Se
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and organic material more rapidly t
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suggesting that climate rather than
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CO2 2- ). In turn, the alkalinity i
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looms are often associated with tox
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events of dense water through the D
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(1) Are we already observing a resp
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eastern and western side of the Nor
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system, their physiology and intern
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each coastal element be studied and
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IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoon
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In the last decade, a general model
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topics in coastal lagoons (de Wit e
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Po River Delta lagoons, the long dr
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esilient to environmental changes a
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Chapter V.A. Climate Change and Ext
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It is realized that adaptation to c
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member states. Moreover some agenci
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Large, global scale climatic driver
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V.B.5. Climate change and droughts
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Evacuation from forest fires at Mas
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In European forest policy, water is
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Drought mitigation and the involvem
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DSS-DROUGHT A Decision Support Syst
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Chapter V .C. Climate Change, Ecolo
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The quality class boundaries within
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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