Climate Change and the European Water Dimension - Agri ...

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Chapter IV.D. Future of Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons Key Points • Lagoon ecosystems are fragile due to water from from developed areas, their shallowness and low water volume to surface area ratio. As a consequence there is a high probability that coastal lagoons will be the first to react to consequences of changes in climatic trends, especially in rainfall. • Temperature increases in coastal lagoons will influence organism metabolism and niche distribution, affect species interactions and distribution, modify structure of the food web and biogeochemical cycles (e.g. N, C), and change ecological processes, especially primary production and decomposition. • Changes in precipitation patterns will have important consequences for the water balance of coastal ecosystems, increased nutrient transport from the watershed to the coastal lagoon and sediment transport both from land-side and sea-side. • Sea level rise (SLR) will increase water depth in the lagoon, alter water circulation and salinity, affect solid transport and erosion-sedimentation equilibrium, erode the lagoon barriers, and increase ingression of salt water into inland coastal areas. • Quantification of impacts of climate change on coastal lagoons will require the identification of a suitable set of indicators and an integrated modelling approach (watershed-lagoon) with scenario and socio-economic analysis. Chapter IV.D. Future of Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons 106
IV.D.1. Introduction Coastal lagoons are inland water bodies separated from the Sea by littoral arrows and sand barriers connected by one or more inlets. They have shallow waters, few meters depth, and a salinity that varies from fresh water to hypersaline depending on their water balance (Kjerfve, 1994). River mouths can play a crucial role in lagoon formation with their sediment contribution. Morpho-dynamics of tidal lagoons is controlled by long-term (net) sediment fluxes between littoral and tidal channels as well as between channels and shallows (intertidal shoals and salt marshes). Coastal lagoons are common along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Southern Europe, as well as along the south-eastern Baltic coast. Several fjords along the Danish coast can be considered to some extent as lagoons, as they have restricted mouths and slow water exchange with the Baltic Sea. In many coastal areas, especially in Netherlands, lagoons have decreased or almost disappeared as a consequence of land reclamation and coastal protection programmes. Mediterranean coastal lagoons are microtidal or non tidal, whilst along the Atlantic coast they are mesotidal (de Wit et al., 2001). Coastal lagoons play a key role as spawning grounds for fish and shellfish, see Figures IV.D.1-2; for this reason, such areas are also extensively exploited for aquaculture, especially for mollusc farming. Moreover, they are often important for bird reproduction and rest areas, and they present a rich and specific biodiversity, both for fauna and flora. Figure IV.D.1: Ria Formosa-Clam culture (bivalve hand collection, 5000 tons/y) (Photo courtesy of Dr. Falcao, IPIMAR, Portugal) 107
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Climate Change and the European Wat
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European Commission- Joint Research
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At the 2003 Rome Informal Meeting o
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Changes in the diurnal variation of
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Fugure I.2. (a) Maximum grid covera
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century. This corresponds to a sea
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Other causes Other causes of climat
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tropospheric ozone are photochemica
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Figure. I.4. Radiative forcings and
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There are two indirect effects of a
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The projected warming is not unifor
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water towards the west Pacific caus
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Aerosols and climate change in the
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precipitation intensities have been
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Chapter III. The Hydrologic Cycle I
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Figure III.2. Long-term average ann
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Figure III.4. Projected change in s
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eduction in the rate of evaporation
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characteristics may or may not be u
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temperatures potentially lead to hi
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Chapter IV.A. Proxy indicators of C
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Mean Air Temperature (Dec.-March) [
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correlation coefficient -0.4 -0.3 -
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Chapter IV. B. The Impact of Climat
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Residence time (days) Chlorophyll (
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Case Study: Lake Erken, Sweden ►
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TP (µg l -1 ) Modelling To analyse
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Data availability and investigation
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smaller volume of water. The warmer
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Chapter VI.B. Climate Change and th
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Concerning the flora of the lagoon
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Figure VI.B.2: Frequency of “bora
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Figure VI.C.2. Daily flows in Ebro
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Figure VI.C.4. Mean temperature inc
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factors including an appropriate su
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with the lower limit range indicate
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Chapter VI.C. The Effects of Climat
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the main carrier of nutrients to gr
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system pathway shows an increase of
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Table-VI.C.7: Main factors and cons
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Chapter VI.D. Climate Change and th
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Atmospheric deposition to marine wa
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Many studies during the 90’s have
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severe flooding were investigated (
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Table VI.E.1. Waterborne pathogens
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Chapter VI.F. Climate Change, Extre
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Areas behind the dikes broken in 20
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Second, the chemical is transported
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POPs exist in the atmosphere in the
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and ice have quite a low capacity t
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Table VI.F.1. Priority substances i
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22. Monteith, J.L., 1965. Evaporati
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31. Rodionov, S.N. 1994. Global and
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28. Dokulil, M.T., 2003. Algae as e
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63. Hejzlar, J., Dubrovský, M. Buc
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99. Melack, J.M., J. Dozier, C.R. G
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136. Straile, D. & Adrian, R. 2000.
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14. Blaas, M., Kerkhoven, D., and d
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60. McCleery, R. H. and Perrins, C.
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105. UNESCO 2003. The integrated st
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ecosystems and the landscape and de
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2. Carter, T.R., Saarikko, R.A., an
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24. Hydrographisches Zentralbüro 1
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European Coastal Lagoons: The Influ
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4. Bouma MJ, Sondrop HE, van der Ka
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variable trophic status: a paired l
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France GIANMARCO GIORDANI Departmen
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Chapter VI.E. Climate Change and Wa
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