—Kurmanji Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings
—Kurmanji Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings
—Kurmanji Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings
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THE VERB<br />
welatekî lipaşmayî a backward country<br />
kitêbeke çapkirî a published book<br />
Negative participles are formed by prefixing ne-, as in<br />
kitêbên neçapkirî unpublished books<br />
cilên neşustî unwashed clothes<br />
benên nexuyayî unseen bonds<br />
tiştên negotî unsaid things<br />
§ 20. The Present Perfect Tense (Intransitive). The present perfect tense<br />
of intransitive verbs is formed from the past stem <strong>with</strong> the following endings:<br />
STEMS ENDING IN CONSONANTS STEMS ENDING IN VOWELS<br />
´-ime ´-ine ´-me ´-ne<br />
´-iye ´-ine ´-ye ´-ne<br />
´-iye ´-ine ´-ye ´-ne<br />
Note that the second and third persons singular are identical. Examples<br />
from hatin ‘to come’ and çûn ‘to go’ are:<br />
ez hatime em hatine ez çûme em çûne<br />
tu hatiye hun hatine tu çûye hun çûne<br />
ew hatiye ew hatine ew çûye ew çûne<br />
The negative is formed by prefixing né-<br />
ez nehatime em nehatine ez neçûme em neçûne<br />
tu nehatiye hun nehatine tu neçûye hun neçûne<br />
ew nehatiye ew nehatine ew neçûye ew neçûne<br />
§ 20.1. The Present Perfect Tense (Transitive/Ergative). The present perfect<br />
tense of transitive verbs is made from the agent pronouns plus the<br />
endings given above, but the construction is ergative, as in the simple past.<br />
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