Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

however, James Archer, shopkeeper, did own a freehold house in the town. 268 The shopkeeper, Elizabeth Bumford, had a variety of goods in her shop including tobacco, snuff, and material such as silk, tustin and holland. 269 Both grocers and shopkeepers were on the increase after 1750. 270 There must also have been many men and women running lower status shops, (perhaps as a sideline), which go unnoticed in the records. In Period A the town was also home to ten families of mercers who were amongst the most wealthy, well-connected and influential Alcestrians. They were typically literate, sometimes described as gentry, and had capital to invest in property and to finance others and often enjoyed links with more distant places. 271 The items sold by the mercers indicate a growing demand by local consumers for more luxurious and sophisticated products. This trend is borne out by the presence of other retailers in late Stuart times including haberdashers, a bookseller and a tobacconist. The term ‘haberdasher’, little used in Alcester records, could mean a dealer in small items such as ribbons, and tapes, but was also used in a looser sense. Robert Ingram, described both as a ‘haberdasher’ and ‘haberdasher of hats’, was a substantial man, who served as overseer of the poor and held land in the area. Although his father 268 WoRO, probate of James Archer, Alcester, shopkeeper, 1795. Some shopkeepers catered for the growing demand for food and drink from less wealthy customers, including tea and coffee as these drinks became more accepted lower down the social scale, as described by A. McCants, ‘Poor consumers as global consumers: the diffusion of tea and coffee drinking in the eighteenth century’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 61, S1, pp. 172-200, (2008). Other shops perhaps supplied cheap clothing as women moved into wage labour in the needle industry rather than making their family’s clothing. See Styles, The Dress of the People, p. 149. 269 WoRO, probate of Elizabeth Bumford, Alcester, widow, 1751, £34-4-0. 270 Probate records reveal no shopkeepers in Periods A and B and 1 each in Periods C and D. UBD 1792 lists 1 shopkeeper and Pigot 1835 lists 3. WaRO, Alcester 1841 census, reveals 4 male and 1 female shopkeeper. In probate grocers first appear in Period C when there is 1, followed by 4 in Period D. UBD 1792 lists 2 grocers and Pigot 1835 lists 3. WaRO, Alcester 1841 census, lists 7 male grocers and 1 female grocer. 271 Inventory values range from WoRO, miscellaneous probate (796/376) of Joseph Dewes, Alcester, mercer, 1662, £176-14-2, to WoRO, probate of William Reynolds, Alcester, mercer, 1668, £1743-18-4. For example Matthew Crabb, mercer and gent, dealt with land in Great Alne, Fulke Emes issued his own tokens and Joseph Dewes had connections with Lancashire and Derbyshire. 124
was also a haberdasher, his mother was of a gentry family. 272 This places Ingram in the same sociological grouping as Alcester’s mercers, for instance the Pickard and Round families. The probate of Thomas Pickard the elder included £619 in bonds and mortgages which hints at his role as a financier. 273 Another influential mercer was Stephen Hobbins, who wished his wife to continue his mercery and drapery business after his death. 274 With large sums of money involved the mercery business was not always secure. 275 Some mercers also advertised as grocers and drapers. 276 The use of the term ‘draper’ appears to grow in the nineteenth century as the term ‘mercer’ recedes, some drapers specialising in either linen or wool. Drapers cum mercers apparently increased in numbers over the study period. 277 Other descriptors in this sector include one cowkeeper and one greengrocer (both in Period D) and pawnbrokers, general dealers and dealers in coal, hay, corn, horse-corn, cheese, tea, salt, china, glass, and earthenware (all in Periods C and D). In Period D as well as the more general food-dealers we find: cake-seller, confectioner, pastry cook, cooker, milk-seller and milkman. The term ‘dealer’ or ‘merchant’ had a whole gamut of meanings including wholesale and retail sales and local or wider trading. 278 John 272 References include SCLA, DR134/31/4 and ER3/464. 273 WoRO, probate of John Round, Alcester, mercer, 1716, £279-8-0 and of Thomas Pickard the elder, Alcester, mercer, 1699-1700, £808-17-0 and of Thomas Pickard junior, Alcester, mercer, 1701, £935-7-6. 274 TNA, PCC probate of Richard Jew, Alcester, mercer, 1774, shows that he owned much property and wished to pay for his nieces to attend a good boarding school. Also WoRO probate of Stephen Hobbins, Alcester, mercer, 1798. 275 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 25 June 1795 carries a notice that John Haines, Alcester, mercer, has assigned his estate to an Alcester schoolmaster and to James Crosland, a Huddersfield clothier, for their benefit and that of other creditors. It was hoped that he could pay at least 15s in the pound to his creditors. Crosland was probably the source of some of Haines’s stock. 276 UBD 1792. 277 Taking mercers and drapers together: Probate reveals Period A: 5, Period B: 5, Period C: 4 and Period D: 1. UBD 1792 lists 4 and Pigot 1835 lists 7. WaRO, Alcester 1841 census, lists 6 (all male). None of these sources lists a haberdasher in any period. 278 In probate there were 3 dealers (all in Period D) and UBD 1792 had 3 and Pigot 1835 had 1 and 3 coaldealers. WaRO, Alcester 1841 census, lists 9 male dealers of various sorts and 1 female dealer. 125
Page 1 and 2:
DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
Page 3 and 4:
This is a study of male occupationa
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements I would like to ac
Page 7 and 8:
Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
Page 11 and 12:
area to complement that found by th
Page 13 and 14:
Although the precise meaning behind
Page 15 and 16:
also describes the sources and meth
Page 17 and 18:
of the poor and lists of parish app
Page 19 and 20:
Probate records Although probate re
Page 21 and 22:
and harvested by cutting, whereas f
Page 23 and 24:
about the family and businesses of
Page 25 and 26:
allowing comparison between the dif
Page 27 and 28:
the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
Page 29 and 30:
multiple occupations is also incons
Page 31 and 32:
Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
Page 33 and 34:
surveying occupations in the Needle
Page 35 and 36:
and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38:
enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40:
was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42:
Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44:
industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46:
Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48:
osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50:
other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52:
marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54:
of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56:
sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60:
Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61 and 62:
Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 63 and 64:
Taking a mean average figure of app
Page 65 and 66:
sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68:
person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69 and 70:
The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 71 and 72:
shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
Page 73 and 74:
y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
Page 75 and 76:
Table 3.15 Population densities 167
Page 77 and 78:
seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80:
sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131: The only brewer described as such i
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 153 and 154: Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184:
Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186:
Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188:
category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190:
In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192:
struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194:
Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196:
The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198:
the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200:
could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202:
comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204:
Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206:
The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208:
Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210:
Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212:
opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214:
In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216:
ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218:
etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220:
involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222:
are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224:
The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226:
fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228:
Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230:
underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232:
Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234:
local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236:
with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238:
something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240:
Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242:
apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244:
Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246:
In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248:
CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250:
when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252:
Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254:
Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256:
different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258:
Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260:
Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272:
mere two. The patterns shown in the
Page 273 and 274:
pigs and considerable cheese produc
Page 275 and 276:
Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278:
glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280:
a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282:
Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284:
as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286:
who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288:
tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290:
gentleman, who served as high const
Page 291 and 292:
seems to die out with them although
Page 293 and 294:
wheelwrights also turned their hand
Page 295 and 296:
Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
Page 297 and 298:
Hemming family in Studley, which co
Page 299 and 300:
in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
Page 301 and 302:
distances to find employment. 220 T
Page 303 and 304:
Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
Page 305 and 306:
Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
Page 307 and 308:
eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
Page 309 and 310:
during this period, the largest gro
Page 311 and 312:
Those attracted into the industry w
Page 313 and 314:
operated in their cottages largely
Page 315 and 316:
Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
Page 317 and 318:
approval from the workers, who fear
Page 319 and 320:
and Warwickshire carriers, includin
Page 321 and 322:
A Studley man, the unfortunately na
Page 323 and 324:
After the completion of The Worcest
Page 325 and 326:
‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
Page 327 and 328:
meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
Page 329 and 330:
Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
Page 331 and 332:
smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
Page 333 and 334:
Among the clothing and cloth retail
Page 335 and 336:
a handful of such men. 384 Probate
Page 337 and 338:
Before 1800 local records contain f
Page 339 and 340:
various denominations, book-keeper,
Page 341 and 342:
domestic servants’ jobs are speci
Page 343 and 344:
the local needle trade in the eight
Page 345 and 346:
igger population, but at this stage
Page 347 and 348:
significant presence of needlemaker
Page 349 and 350:
Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
Page 351 and 352:
The source in Table 8.5 is more com
Page 353 and 354:
Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
Page 355 and 356:
Throughout the study period the und
Page 357 and 358:
inventories cease, it is more diffi
Page 359 and 360:
your new shoes from the village cor
Page 361 and 362:
Table 8.11 Number of different male
Page 363 and 364:
Table 8.13 Number of different male
Page 365 and 366:
(66) had more occupations than othe
Page 367 and 368:
Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
Page 369 and 370:
Wealth, status and mobility The sco
Page 371 and 372:
This crude ranking approximates to
Page 373 and 374:
General conclusions In this chapter
Page 375 and 376:
the study area’s needle masters l
Page 377 and 378:
In looking at the wider picture we
Page 379 and 380:
Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
Page 381 and 382:
and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
Page 383 and 384:
‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
Page 385 and 386:
manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
Page 387 and 388:
Worcester diocese; middle division
Page 389 and 390:
Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
Page 391 and 392:
Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393:
separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397:
Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399:
Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401:
Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403:
Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405:
Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407:
Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409:
Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411:
Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 412 and 413:
sectors which increased their share
Page 414:
Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418:
Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420:
Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422:
Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424:
1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
Page 427 and 428:
Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
Page 429 and 430:
Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
Page 431 and 432:
Needlemakers and associated trades
Page 433 and 434:
Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
Page 435 and 436:
Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
Page 437 and 438:
stand out as particularly numerous.
Page 439 and 440:
Appendix 23b Occupational structure
Page 441 and 442:
Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
Page 443 and 444:
Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
Page 445 and 446:
Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
Page 447 and 448:
Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
Page 449 and 450:
Sources and Bibliography Primary So
Page 451 and 452:
Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
Page 453 and 454:
Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456:
Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460:
Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
show all

Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?