Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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From 1813 to 1840 baptism registers show that needlemakers spread into certain parishes for the first time, but only achieve a high of 1.5% of fathers in this zone in the 1820s, declining to 0.7% in the 1830s. 151 A few children and women needlemakers appear in the censuses and the odd fish-hook-maker, but these are rare compared with the huge numbers in Zone D. 152 Other metalworkers were always present but in such small numbers that they do not feature in probate or marriage licences in some periods. 153 For example, in Stuart times a locksmith was based at Arrow only a mile or so from the market town, thus benefiting from a large customer-base. 154 In the eighteenth century specialist metalworkers hereabouts included John Newey of Shelfield, nailmaker, and John Ballard of Abbots Morton, toymaker. 155 Ballard had been apprenticed to a Black Country toymaker and had then presumably returned home when his apprenticeship ended. Obtaining raw materials may have been problematic for Ballard and also for the zone’s clockmakers. Although the latter did some brass-founding, they perhaps mainly assembled parts rather than making whole clocks themselves. 156 The cost-effectiveness of making toys, clocks or watches in remote villages is questionable, but perhaps the 151 Table 6.6. No needlemakers feature in probate or marriage licence data for this zone in Period D. 152 Table 6.8 (1841 census) records 1.0% of adult males as needlemakers and the same percentage for adult females whose occupations are recorded. 153 See Tables 6.2 and 6.4. Other records help to fill in the gaps. Table 6.6 shows a mere 0.1% in the 1830s, while Table 6.8 (1841 census) gives a figure of 0.2%. 154 WoRO, marriage licence of Henry Tombs, Arrow, locksmith, Jan. 1691/2. 155 WoRO, marriage licence of John Newey, Shelfield, (Aston Cantlow), nailmaker, Nov. 1710. WoRO, Abbots Morton burials, 1730, burial of John Ballard, toymaker, and TNA, IR1/43, (apprenticeship books, 1714), which shows that John Ballard, son of Elizabeth Ballard of Abbots Morton, widow, was apprenticed to Thomas Allen of Bilston, Staffordshire, toymaker. At this period ‘toys’ meant trinkets rather than playthings. 156 WoRO, probate of Richard Houghton, Oversley, (Arrow), clockmaker, 1771. His son (another Richard) carried on the trade in Oversley. According to W. Seaby, ‘A Warwickshire clockmaker: Richard Houton of Oversley Green, near Alcester’, ADLHS, OP6a, (1977), pp. 1-7, at least four Hou(gh)ton clocks survive. WaRO, CR1886/BL/1883, a deed concerning property in Ardens Grafton, mentions William Halford, watchmaker of Hilborough, Temple Grafton, 1717. The Halfords also had connections with St Albans and Oxford. The Hunt family also made clocks in Exhall in the eighteenth century, (listed in McKenna, Watch and Clockmakers of the British Isles: Warwickshire, p. 29). 224
local market was sufficient to make the import of raw materials worthwhile, as long as their local competitors were few. In the 1780s George Wedgeberrow, yeoman and brazier, lived in the remote hamlet of Shell. 157 It is difficult to imagine many customers coming to him. Perhaps he travelled the area offering his services as a tinker. In Period D a travelling brazier appears in Inkberrow baptisms, while Aston Cantlow was home to a gunsmith, a nailer, an engineer and a handful of machine-makers. 158 Transport During the Restoration period no occupations specific to transport are recorded for this zone. However, important routes existed in this sub-district. For example, the London to Bridgnorth coach route traversed the parish of Aston Cantlow, which also boasted Salter’s Lane, (the route taken by those selling salt from Droitwich), and Port Lane, (an ancient road to nearby markets). 159 Manor court and quarter sessions records reflect the importance of such routes to farmers and tradesmen anxious to reach local towns. 160 Flooded, impassable and dangerous roads must have continually put a brake on the commercial activity of individual tradesmen and on the expansion of trade in general. In Period B the western part of this zone enjoyed the benefit of improved roads around Worcester and Evesham, while, in the east, after 1725 the new turnpike from Birmingham to Stratford passed through Aston Cantlow parish. For the most part the 157 WoRO, marriage licence of George Wedgeberrow, Shell, brazier and yeoman, Sept 1781. 158 WoRO, Inkberrow baptisms 1831 and WaRO, Aston Cantlow 1841 census. 159 VCH Warwickshire, iii, p. 33. 160 For example, Johnson, Warwick County Records, 9, pp. 158, 201, and WoRO, QS234/49, Easter 1715, QS239/31, Midsummer 1716, QS195/45, Epiphany 1722/3 and QS280/61,62, Epiphany 1726/7. 225
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 269 and 270: In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
Page 273 and 274: pigs and considerable cheese produc
Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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