Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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commissioner was also the contact for the sale of local properties, while other gentlemen act as stewards managing local estates. 209 After 1750 ‘gentlemen’ in such roles can increasingly be identified as those trained in the law. The gentlemen, esquires and baronets of this zone financed various businesses, although their traceable investments were primarily in property and agriculture. As expected, many gentlemen enjoyed great wealth, but others leave surprisingly small sums. 210 Information regarding servants tends to be scarce, but the 1661 probate inventory for William Allen, ‘serving man to Sir Thomas Rouse’, shows that he had investments, property and corn of his own. 211 He was obviously a man of independent means, such as a steward or bailiff. Unusually, two servants also appear in the zone’s probate records in the next century. 212 The 1831 census for this central belt enumerates 12 male servants over twenty and 7 under twenty, compared with 228 female servants. 213 Other sources in Period D specify some servants’ roles such as footman or groom. Some washerwomen, laundresses and nurses appear to be domestic servants while others were perhaps independent workers. 214 209 Worcester Weekly Journal June 1748 (exact date unclear) and 20 July 1749 name John Hall of Temple Grafton as the contact for properties in his parish and also in Wilmcote. Gentlemen (possibly attorneys?) acting as early estate agents occur increasingly in newspapers of the next period. WoRO, BA5589/130(x), names Thomas Tibbatts as steward of the manor of the vicarage of Inkberrow in 1742. 210 Gentlemen’s inventory values range from WoRO, probate of George Darby, Bouts, (Inkberrow), gentleman, 1722/3, £4-12-6, to that of Francis Halford, Hilborough, (Temple Grafton), gentleman, 1697, £1631-8-8. (The baronet, Sir Francis Rouse, Rous Lench, was valued at £770-6-2 in 1687.) 211 WoRO, probate and miscellaneous probate (794/145) of William Allen, Rous Lench, servingman/yeoman, 1661, £78-0-0. 212 WoRO, probate of William Page, Kinwarton, servant, 1722, £29-12-0, and of William Gibbs, Great Alne, servant, 1726, £52-12-11. 213 See Appendix 7: 1831 census. Male servants over 20 comprised 0.7% of adult males. Female servants comprised 7.6% of all females. 214 WaRO and WoRO, 1841 and 1851 censuses. 234
Baptism registers (1813-1840) place professionals at 0.8% of fathers, while the 1841 census gives a figure of 1.3% of adult males and 2.7% for adult females. 215 The 1831 census has a figure of 1.2% for capitalists, bankers, professionals and educated persons, the lowest for any zone, though only slightly lower than that of Zone B. 216 Eighteenth century documents give evidence of parish officers acting as constables, parish clerks and tax-collectors. Many wealthy residents belonged to the new associations for the prosecution of felons, while amongst those who served at a higher level we find Thomas Cookes of Harvington, sheriff of Worcestershire, and C. W. Boughton-Rouse of Rous Lench, MP for Evesham. 217 In Period D office-clerks and commercial clerks appear in this sector. Some worthy locals double as tax-collectors while a couple of excisemen are present. 218 The new Alcester Union Workhouse (at Oversley in Arrow parish) also gave employment for a workhouse-master, matron, porter and schoolmistress. 219 The first Worcestershire policemen appeared hereabouts in 1841, while the Warwickshire villages had to wait until the 1850s for their police. Sporadic references to travellers show that many apparently roved a seasonal course throughout the south and west midlands, but others came from further afield. A 215 Tables 6.6 and 6.8. 216 See Appendix 7. 217 Berrow’s Worcester Journal mentions Associations for the Prosecution of Felons for Abberton, Abbots Morton and Inkberrow (20 May 1784) and for Rous Lench (19 Aug. 1784). Berrow’s Worcester Journal Feb. 1766 reports the appointment of Cookes as sheriff. Berrow’s Worcester Journal 12 Oct. 1780 reports Boughton-Rouse’s election as MP with some controversy. The same newspaper 6 June 1782 reports his marriage and 2 April 1789 Boughton-Rouse declares that he will not be standing as a candidate this time and urges support for a colleague. 218 A retired exciseman was also recorded in this zone in 1740. (WoRO, probate of William Singer, Morton Bagot, formerly an exciseman, 1740). 219 WaRO, Oversley, (Arrow), 1841 census. 235
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 269 and 270: In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
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Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288: tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290: gentleman, who served as high const
Page 291 and 292: seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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