Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Table 7.23 Comparison of male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the 1841 census, baptisms 1813-1840, probate data 1800-1858 and marriage licence data 1800-1837 in Zone D, The Northern (Needle) District (as % of males with known occupations) showing the bias of other sources compared with the 1841 census Adult Males 1841 Census Baptisms 1813- 1840 Ratio Baptisms to Census Probate 1800- 1858 Ratio Probate to Census Marriage licences 1810- 1837 Ratio Marriage licences to Census Primary 34.4 31.8 1: 1.08 47.9 1: 0.72 53.1 1: 0.65 Secondary 53.0 62.4 1: 0.85 22.0 1: 2.41 31.2 1: 1.69 Tertiary 12.5 5.9 1: 2.12 30.1 1: 0.42 15.8 1: 0.79 In this zone the marriage licence data and baptism data are closer to the census data than probate is. As noted in other zones, baptism data understates the tertiary sector. Primary sector figures for baptisms and the census are similar, while the other two sources exaggerate the primary share. The secondary sector figures differ quite widely. By the nineteenth century this zone was home to many employees in the needle trade, who appear in the census and baptisms but not in marriage licences or probate. The bias of the various sources has to be kept in mind during the commentary on the different occupational groupings which follows. Where relevant, reasons for differences between sources are explained. Table 7.24 Comparison of male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) in Coughton and Studley from baptisms 1695-1769, burials 1695-1769, probate data 1700-1799 and marriage licence data 1680-1754 (as % of males with known occupations) showing bias of other sources compared with baptisms Baptisms 1695- 1769 Burials 1695- 1769 Ratio burial data to baptism Data Probate 1700- 1799 Ratio probate to baptism data Marriage licences 1680- 1799 Ratio marriage licences to baptism data Primary * 30.0% 29.8% 1: 1.01 50.0% 1: 0.60 49.5% 1: 0.61 Secondary * 67.6% 62.1% 1: 1.09 39.8% 1: 1.69 43.4% 1: 1.56 Tertiary 3.4% 8.1% 1: 0.42 10.2% 1: 0.33 7.1% 1: 0.47 * excluding labourers in all sources 46 46 Probate data from each year 1700-1799; baptism and burial data taken from Coughton and Studley registers 1695 to 1798 and 1720 to 1769; marriage licence data for Coughton and Studley grooms from 1680-1699, 1737-1754 and 1780-1799. For baptism data including labourers see Tables 7.9 to 7.19 above. 260
In investigating the bias between sources we are fortunate to have a good body of data for four different sources in Coughton and Studley in the eighteenth century. Table 7.24 compares these four sources (as available) in Coughton and Studley between 1680 and 1799. In order to avoid the problem of whether to include labourers in primary or secondary or both, this table omits labourers altogether. Numbers of labourers omitted from the various records are as follows: baptism data: 750; burials: 194; probate: 1; marriage licences: 12. As in the nineteenth century, baptism registers yield the lowest figure for tertiary. Probate and marriage licences exaggerate the farmers’ share of the workforce. Such bias is to be remembered during discussion of the various occupational sectors which follows. In the text below Zone D’s changing occupational structure is discussed in specific occupational groupings. I make reference to data in the above tables where relevant, but sometimes do not quote exact figures for certain occupations as the size of samples and bias of sources (especially probate and marriage licences) may cause inconsistencies in these exact figures. 47 Where appropriate, comparisons are made with other zones in the study area and also with studies of places elsewhere. Agriculture The soil is mainly Mercia mudstone, loam and boulder clay with sand and gravel along the Ridgeway on the Worcesterhire-Warwickshire border. There are also outcrops of Arden and Bromsgrove sandstone. The clayey topsoil was not considered as good for arable crops as that in Zone B. However, the Arrowside pastures and extensive 47 Where relevant, explanations of such inconsistencies and bias of sources are discussed, but generally I note the general trends exhibited and look for corroboration from various other sources in order to make observations about whether different occupations were present or absent, and increasing or decreasing in the zone at different periods. 261
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 267: Table 7.22 Male occupational struct
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
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Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288: tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290: gentleman, who served as high const
Page 291 and 292: seems to die out with them although
Page 293 and 294: wheelwrights also turned their hand
Page 295 and 296: Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
Page 297 and 298: Hemming family in Studley, which co
Page 299 and 300: in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
Page 301 and 302: distances to find employment. 220 T
Page 303 and 304: Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
Page 305 and 306: Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
Page 307 and 308: eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
Page 309 and 310: during this period, the largest gro
Page 311 and 312: Those attracted into the industry w
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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