Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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chandler, a tailor, and a glover cum breeches-maker. 322 Reference to Samuel Morris, crier, reminds us that, despite the ascendancy of the written word, news and orders were still also communicated orally. 323 In Period C various parish officials from dog-whippers to churchwardens are in evidence, while Alcester’s parish workhouse, founded in 1774, was managed by a governor until the union workhouse was built in neighbouring Oversley in the mid- 1830s. 324 Influential townsmen featured as jurors and as members of the Association for the Prosecution of Felons. 325 In 1802/3, threatened by French invasion and perhaps fearing unrest at home, twelve Alcester men were appointed as special constables for the Alcester Division of Barlichway Hundred. The town’s two ordinary constables, still appointed each year by the court leet, were responsible for law and order until the Warwickshire County Constabulary was formed in the 1850s. 326 Alcester’s fire-brigade was founded some time before 1850. 327 Certain individuals performed important functions within friendly or benefit societies, recreational clubs or in the Alcester Volunteers. 328 The town also boasted professional musicians, one of whom built and tuned organs as a sideline. Although probably not permanent residents, three families of comedians, (the contemporary term 322 WoRO, BA2697/1, Worcester diocesan subscription books. The chandler and tailor shared the same surname. 323 WoRO, marriage licence of John Layt, Inkberrow, besom-maker, Feb.1699/1700, witnessed by Samuel Morris, Alcester, crier. Morris may also have been a bodicemaker. 324 Rogers, The State of the Poor (by Sir Frederic Morton Eden), p. 325, describes the workhouse, the inmates’ diet and the methods of out-relief. Berrow’s Worcester Journal 15 Jan. 1784 carries an advertisement for a new, experienced governor willing to live on the premises. 325 WaRO, QS76/3, Jurors’ lists. The Alcester, Arrow and Oversley Association for the Prosecution of Felons was founded on 24 March 1773, is mentioned in Berrow’s Worcester Journal, for example 8 April 1784, 1 April 1790. 326 G. E. Saville, ‘Alcester Constabulary’, ADLHS, OP27, (1982), p. 6. 327 A. Griffin, This Noble Duty, A History of Fire-fighting in Warwickshire, (Warwick, Feldon, 1989), p.13, suggests that Alcester’s brigade may have been founded because of the incendiarists who were active locally circa 1830. The firemen must have been part-time and therefore listed in censuses under other occupations. 328 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 22 Jan. 1807 reports the promotions of officers in the Volunteers. 134
for actors), baptised children in Alcester. 329 Although by no means a typical incomer, the presence of a foreign artist as early as 1703 reflects external influences in commerce and culture, which played an increasingly important part in Alcester’s development. 330 Many Alcestrians must have fought during the Civil War, largely on the side of parliament, but, as they settled down to civilian life, there is little mention of soldiers after the Restoration. In Period B only two soldiers are known from local sources, both based at Alcester in the 1740s, 331 while records in Period C reveal a number of soldiers, (particularly in the last decade of the century), and one mariner. 332 The one soldier and one Irish seaman caught in the 1841 census may have been merely passing through the town. 333 Alcester had a succession of excisemen ensuring that the government received its dues, but at least one of these had conflicting interests, for William Whissell combined his role as excise-officer with that of publican. 334 Such tax collectors are joined in the service of central government from 1801 by census enumerators and from 1837 by the registrar of births, marriages and deaths. Gypsies and travelling folk occasionally receive a mention, for example in Alcester’s parish registers, but contemporary documentation does not do justice to their role in the economy. Domestic servants are largely absent from the records before the 329 Fenton, Jones and Rogers families in WaRO, Alcester baptisms 1813-1826. They also baptised children elsewhere. 330 WoRO, marriage licence of Anthony Vandersauren, (or Van der Schuren), Alcester, ‘pictor’ and ‘limner’, (painter and woodcraftsman), 1703; presumably from the Low Countries. 331 WoRO, marriage licence of Alexander Larrymour, Alcester, soldier, Sept. 1745, and of John Tibbetts, soldier in the Queen’s Regiment of Dragoons, now at Alcester, April 1741. 332 Also Berrow’s Worcester Journal 4 June 1772 mentions Captain Bartlam of Alcester, but it is not clear whether he was in the army or navy. 333 WaRO, Alcester 1841 census. 334 WoRO, marriage licence of George Churchlee, Alcester, glazier, Nov. 1712, witnessed by William Whissell, innkeeper, and marriage licence of John Perkins, Studley, excise officer, May 1722, witnessed by William Whissell, excise officer. Only one excise officer appears in Alcester’s probate (in Period C). 135
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
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Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133 and 134: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 153 and 154: Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456:
Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460:
Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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