Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Table 3.14 demonstrates the uneven growth in the different zones and compares them with national growth. 57 Alcester was the zone which showed the least growth before 1801 but then, as it embraced the needle industry, its growth rate was greater than Zones B and C after 1801. As Zone D industrialised, its dramatic growth both before and after 1801 is clear to see. Between 1676 and 1801 Zone D’s population grew at almost three times the national average, while for the period 1801 to 1841 it grew at just above the national average. The other (less industrial) zones grew at well below the national average both before and after 1801. Surveys by other historians suggest that rates of population change in different places imply different economic paths, with the greatest growth occurring hand in hand with industrial development. For example, in Smith’s survey of Nottinghamshire market towns from 1680 to 1840, she remarks that the more rural parishes experienced less demographic growth. 58 Smith also observes that towns demonstrated most rapid physical growth when they had industries catering for national and international rather than purely local markets. 59 The parishes in the Needle District here provide a case in point. In addition to demographic growth, comparisons of population density at a given point in time also imply the presence or absence of industrial development. Gowing demonstrates this in his commentary on eighteenth century population in Gloucestershire where population density hot-spots can be seen in mining and cloth areas as well as in the towns. 60 57 Population growth is shown for each zone from 1676 which is near the start of the study period and for which figures are available for every parish except tiny Billesley. The years 1730 and 1780 are not shown in this table as data was incomplete for these years. 58 C. Smith, ‘Population growth and economic change in some Nottinghamshire market towns, 1680-1840’, Local Population Studies, 65, (2000), p. 33. 59 Ibid., p. 35. 60 Gowing, ‘The population geography of Samuel Rudder’s Gloucestershire’, Trans. of Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch. Soc., 101, (1983), p. 151. 66
Table 3.15 Population densities 1676, 1801 and 1841 in the different zones 1676 acreage per person 1801 acreage per person 1841 acreage per person 1676 people per acre 1801 people per acre 1841 people per acre Zone A, Alcester 1.37 1.08 0.73 0.72 0.92 1.36 Zone B, Southern (Champion) Country 8.71 5.68 4.10 0.11 0.17 0.24 Zone C, Central (Wood-pasture) Belt 9.62 7.10 5.28 0.10 0.14 0.18 Zone D, Northern (Needle) District 13.17 4.61 2.64 0.07 0.22 0.38 Whole Study Area 9.21 5.23 3.42 0.11 0.19 0.29 The differing population densities of the four zones are shown in Table 3.15. 61 As may be expected, the densest population was in Zone A, the parish of Alcester, which comprised the market town and its surrounding farmland. A striking change in population density can clearly be seen in Zone D as it industrialised over time. Population densities in 1801 for individual parishes are shown in Appendix 24. Table 3.16 Population of the different zones in 1676, 1801 and 1841 as % of the population of the whole study area in those years 1676 1801 1841 Zone A, Alcester 12.92% 9.29% 8.97% Zone B, Southern (Champion) Country 25.37% 22.09% 20.01% Zone C, Central (Wood-pasture) Belt 36.88% 28.41% 24.96% Zone D, Northern (Needle) District 24.82% 40.19% 46.04% Whole Study Area 100% 100% 100% Another way of highlighting the different rates of population growth is shown in Table 3.16. As Zone D industrialised, it almost doubled its share of the study area’s population between 1676 and 1841, while the percentages for the other zones all decreased. Having briefly examined the demographic progress of each zone over the two centuries of this study, the economic stories behind these population changes are now traced zone by zone in Chapters 4 to 7. 61 The whole study area consisted of 91,403 acres. The 1676 density was obtained by adding the mean (average) population estimates for each zone. 67
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
Page 23 and 24: about the family and businesses of
Page 25 and 26: allowing comparison between the dif
Page 27 and 28: the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
Page 29 and 30: multiple occupations is also incons
Page 31 and 32: Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
Page 33 and 34: surveying occupations in the Needle
Page 35 and 36: and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38: enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40: was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42: Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44: industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46: Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48: osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50: other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52: marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54: of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56: sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60: Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61 and 62: Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 63 and 64: Taking a mean average figure of app
Page 65 and 66: sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68: person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69 and 70: The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 71 and 72: shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
Page 73: y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
Page 77 and 78: seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80: sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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