Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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This was a time of expansion in the needle trade in the Redditch area, as explained in Chapter 7. Table 3.13 Population totals for Zone D, The Northern (Needle) District from censuses 1801-1861 Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 Beoley 630 671 640 673 657 654 682 Coughton 203 204 273 316 293 274 248 Sambourne 526 588 653 694 662 658 635 Coughton & Sambourne 729 792 926 1010 955 932 883 Feckenham 1830 2135 2383 2762 2800 3254 3217 Ipsley 478 727 745 830 1029 1099 1127 Studley 1037 1083 1338 1903 1992 2183 2230 Bentley 238 241 238 Redditch (1400) 3314 4802 5441 Webheath 792 888 823 Tutnall & Cobley,Warks 400 342 460 518 533 492 508 Tardebigge, (Worcs. and Warks.) 2322 2771 3458 4145 4877 6423 7010 Zone D, Northern (Needle) District 7026 8179 9490 11323 12310 14545 15149 From 1676 to 1801 the population of this zone grew much faster than other zones though growth was uneven in time and place. 51 Table 3.14 shows a dramatic growth of 185% for the Needle District over this period. Redditch itself was growing rapidly and transforming from hamlet to manufacturing town. The delineation between Redditch and the rest of the parish of Tardebigge was always a little hazy before 1841, but Tardebigge (including Redditch) grew by 385% between 1676 and 1801 and then by 110% between 1801 and 1841. The portion of the parish comprising Redditch may have grown by a phenomenal 1695% from a mean (average) of 78 souls in 1676 to 1400 in 1801 and then 51 See Tables 3.14 and 3.15 below for comparison with other zones. 64
y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Other parishes also grew on the back of the needle trade, but not to the same extent. 53 By 1801 the population of the Needle District stood at 7026 and then grew by a further 75.2% up to 1841. 54 Unlike other zones in the study area, the population of this zone continued to grow after 1841. Taking a mean average of 2465 people in the zone’s 32459 acres in 1676 gives a population density of 0.07 persons to every acre. By 1801 this had changed to 0.22 persons per acre and by 1841 it had become 0.38 persons to every acre. 55 The Needle District’s occupational structure is discussed in Chapter 7. Table 3.14 Population growth 1676 to 1801 and 1801 to 1841 in the different zones Population Growth 1676 to 1801 Population Growth 1801 to 1841 Zone A, Alcester 26.7% 47.7% Zone B, Southern (Champion) Country 53.3% 38.6% Zone C, Central (Wood-pasture) Belt 35.6% 34.4% Zone D, Northern (Needle) District 185.0% 75.2% Whole Study Area 76.0% 52.9% National (England) * 69.7% 72.3% * See footnote for explanation. 56 52 Ransome, ‘The State of the Bishopric of Worcester’, p. 54, states that Redditch had upwards of 1400 inhabitants; the year (some time between 1782 and 1808) is unclear, but perhaps refers to 1801. Redditch Library, A Description of Redditch 1776, (copy of a MS by Joseph Monk), is a useful source. Monk retrospectively describes the houses, people and occupations in the Redditch of his childhood c. 1776. 53 The uneven spread of the local needle trade is discussed in Chapter 7. 54 The enumerators for the 1841 census do not record any unusual circumstances to cause higher population totals. The enumerator for Tutnall (in Tardebigge parish) does record several people living on their canal boats, but also notes that one person had emigrated from the parish to the colonies since December 1840. 55 See Tables 3.15 and 3.16 for comparison with other zones. 56 The English population is from Wrigley, in Floud, and Johnson, The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, pp. 64-5. The first column for English population growth is actually from 1681 to 1801. 65
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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Page 23 and 24: about the family and businesses of
Page 25 and 26: allowing comparison between the dif
Page 27 and 28: the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
Page 29 and 30: multiple occupations is also incons
Page 31 and 32: Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
Page 33 and 34: surveying occupations in the Needle
Page 35 and 36: and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38: enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40: was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42: Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44: industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46: Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48: osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50: other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52: marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54: of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56: sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60: Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61 and 62: Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 63 and 64: Taking a mean average figure of app
Page 65 and 66: sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68: person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69 and 70: The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 71: shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.15 Population densities 167
Page 77 and 78: seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80: sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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