Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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neighbouring Oldberrow, each parish showed growth over this period, especially the quarrying parishes such as Aston Cantlow and Temple Grafton. 44 The population of this Central Belt in 1676 was between 3007 and 4316. Taking a mean average figure of 3662 living in this zone’s 35236 acres gives a population density in 1676 of 0.10 persons to the acre. By 1801 this had changed to 0.14 persons to every acre and by 1841 it was 0.18 persons per acre. 45 This zone’s occupational structure is discussed in Chapter 6. Table 3.11 Population estimates for Zone D, The Northern (Needle) District 1563 to 1780 Acreage 1563 lower 1563 higher 1676 lower 1676 c. 1730 c. 1730 c. 1780 c. 1780 higher lower higher lower higher Beoley 4713 256 320 135 203 400 500 Coughton 140 175 128 160 Sambourne 48 60 184 230 Coughton & Sambourne 4263 188 235 398 597 312 390 577 577 Feckenham 6929 544 680 591 887 1316 1645 Ipsley 2677 192 240 115 173 196 245 200 250 Studley 4322 200 250 349 524 360 450 616 770 Bordesley/ Redditch 56 70 62 93 Tardebigge, Worcs. 520 650 321 482 Tutnall & Cobley,Warks 204 255 Tardebigge, (Worcs. & Warks.) 9555 576 720 383 575 1200 1500 According to the Compton census the population of this zone in 1676 probably totalled between 1971 and 2959. 46 Estimates for individual parishes within the zone are 44 The enumerator for Morton Bagot in 1841 notes that 22 extra people were present at the time of the census for Morton Wake, so the total for that year was inflated. 45 See Tables 3.14, 3.15 and 3.16 for comparison with other zones. 46 No separate total is available for Tutnall and Cobley for 1676. As it was part of the ecclesiastical parish of Tardebigge, it is assumed here that it is included in Tardebigge’s total. As for the other zones, multipliers of 4 and 5 are used to obtain the lower and higher estimates for 1563, 1730 and 1780 shown in Table 3.11. Multipliers of 1 and 1.5 were used for each parish for 1676. Figures available for the 1670 hearth tax show that Coughton (with Sambourne) had 94 households, Studley 111 and Ipsley 56. 62
shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparent decrease or stagnation in population in certain parishes between 1563 and 1676 may be surprising, but Large suggests that the disafforestation of Feckenham Forest circa 1630 did restrict in-migration and cause some out-migration for instance in Feckenham and Tardebigge. 48 Between 1676 and 1730 epidemics may have caused some depopulation, but thereafter the zone’s population grew as the needle trade expanded. 49 Table 3.12 Baptism numbers in parish registers in Zone D, The Northern (Needle) District 1575-1810 Baptisms (9 year moving average) 1575 1675 1710 1735 1760 1780 1810 Beoley 11.8 *11.6 13.4 12.7 15.1 18.9 Coughton (with Sambourne) 15.4 21.7 16.9 20.7 23.0 Feckenham 23.6 29.3 34.3 46.0 41.9 59.6 67.2 Ipsley 6.9 *9.7 9.0 7.0 8.2 *15.0 Studley 12.8 13.6 20.8 20.2 28.7 26.7 Redditch/Bordesley 13.3 *13.7 27.0 *85.3 Tardebigge *19.3 22.1 20.7 *22.4 25.3 30.7 42.8 Tardebigge & Redditch *19.3 22.1 20.7 35.7 39.0 57.7 128.1 * See footnote for explanation. 50 Baptism numbers show a fall between 1735 and 1760 in all this zone’s parishes except Redditch and Tardebigge. Otherwise the baptisms show a story of growth, with the increase in Redditch and Tardebigge between 1780 and 1810 particularly noticeable. 47 Acreages in Table 3.11 are from the Cambridge Group. Acreages in VCH Warwickshire and VCH Worcestershire differ slightly. VCH shows the constituent parts of parishes: Coughton 2000, Sambourne 2218, (combined 4218); and for Tardebigge: Bentley 1688, Redditch 2040, Webheath 2210, Tutnall & Cobley 3511, (combined 9449). 48 P. Large, ‘Economic and social change in North Worcestershire during the seventeenth century’, p. 138. 49 No estimates are available for the Worcestershire parishes for 1730. The figures from c. 1780 are from Ransome ‘The State of the Bishopric of Worcester’, calculated as in other zones. However, for Coughton (with Sambourne) we have the number of inhabitants (577) as well as the number of families (140). 50 Where available, nine-year moving averages were based on the years shown in the table. Any deviation from this practice (because of deficient registers) is explained here. Tardebigge’s figure for 1571 is actually based on 1579 and the Tardebigge figure for 1735 is actually a seven- year average based on 1736. Before 1730 Tardebigge’s figure probably included the chapelry of Bordesley which served the hamlet of Redditch. Redditch’s figure for 1760 is actually based on 1763 and for 1810 is based on 1812. Beoley’s figure for 1710 is based on 1705. Ipsley’s 1710 figure is actually based on 1708 and its 1810 figure is based on 1812. 63
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
Page 19 and 20: Probate records Although probate re
Page 21 and 22: and harvested by cutting, whereas f
Page 23 and 24: about the family and businesses of
Page 25 and 26: allowing comparison between the dif
Page 27 and 28: the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
Page 29 and 30: multiple occupations is also incons
Page 31 and 32: Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
Page 33 and 34: surveying occupations in the Needle
Page 35 and 36: and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38: enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40: was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42: Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44: industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46: Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48: osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50: other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52: marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54: of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56: sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60: Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61 and 62: Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 63 and 64: Taking a mean average figure of app
Page 65 and 66: sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68: person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69: The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 73 and 74: y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.15 Population densities 167
Page 77 and 78: seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80: sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
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Page 269 and 270:
In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401:
Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
Page 437 and 438:
stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
Page 447 and 448:
Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456:
Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460:
Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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