Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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migration. In Period B the zone’s main exports of farm produce and cloth continued to be needed even during economic slumps, so perhaps the Champion Country fared better than the other zones in the 1720s and 1730s. 218 After their hard times at the end of the previous century the farming folk here had perhaps learned to diversify more in order to keep up with changing consumer demands, placing more emphasis on beef, fruit and vegetables for the Birmingham market than was previously the case. After 1750 many parishes underwent enclosure as agriculture developed to improve yields in order to feed mouths in manufacturing districts to the north. In Period D agriculture remained the main employer of adult males. Stone was always quarried in Cleeve Prior and Bidford, providing alternative employment for poorer residents. In Period D stone-quarrying and brickmaking were apparently exploited more than in earlier periods, but not so successfully perhaps as at certain places in other zones. Weavers were present in some numbers before 1800, suggesting a wide market for their produce. Although the textile trade dwindled in the last period, a few weavers were kept in business by the cheese-cloth niche market. As opportunities for female employment as spinners declined, some women and girls were employed as outworkers for the glove trade in the nineteenth century. Flax-dressing, ropemaking and papermaking were present at different times, but were never large employers. Village craftsmen catered for local needs, but the produce of metal and leather goods for a wider market was never a characteristic of this zone. In the nineteenth century the needle-trade, machine-making and other metal-ware trades dipped a toe into this zone, but their employees were few. 218 According to probate inventory values as shown in Appendix 3. 186
The Avon was always important for trade and as a source of power for the mills. With improvements to the main roads the inhabitants could more easily export their produce, while literacy and luxuries increasingly infiltrated the villages and hamlets. Despite the growth of the secondary and tertiary sectors, shown in Tables 5.1 and 5.5, the Champion Country’s economic development was principally based on agriculture and the organic economy. The Champion Country was not what Zell calls ‘a model proto-industrial pays’ such as the wood-pasture regions. 219 It is not surprising therefore that its economic path was not one of rapid demographic growth and industrialisation. Rural industry for a wider market in the form of weaving was present throughout the study period, but never went on to dominate the economy. 219 Zell, Industry in the Countryside, p. 230. 187
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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