Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Appendix 25 Alcester and Redditch in selected trade directories 1792 - 1835 Appendix 25a Male occupational structure (primary, secondary, tertiary) in Alcester and Redditch showing % of male-led businesses in selected trade directories Alcester Alcester Redditch UBD 1792 Pigot Warks. 1835 Pigot Worcs. 1835 Primary 7.0 2.4 0.0 Secondary 55.4 54.7 62.4 Tertiary (without gents.) 37.6 42.9 37.6 Total males with known occupations (n) 121 166 136 Appendix 25b Male occupational structure in specific occupational groupings in Alcester and Redditch showing % of male-led businesses in selected trade directories Alcester Alcester Redditch UBD 1792 Pigot Warks. 1835 Pigot Worcs. 1835 Agriculture (excl. labourers) 7.0 2.4 0.0 Labourers 0.0 0.0 0.0 Extractive 0.0 0.0 0.0 Building (excl. carpenters) 5.0 6.6 4.4 Tailors/bodice makers 3.3 7.3 2.6 Other textile, clothing & paper manufacture 5.8 4.2 0.0 Shoemakers/cordwainers 4.5 6.0 5.2 Other leather, horn and tallow 5.8 3.3 2.2 Carpenters/joiners 2.5 1.8 1.1 Other woodworkers 5.0 3.6 0.0 Blacksmiths/farriers 2.9 1.8 3.0 Other metal (excl. needles/hooks/pins) 5.0 3.6 3.3 Needles/hooks/pins 5.0 2.4 32.5 Transport 1.7 1.2 2.2 Innkeepers/victuallers 12.8 12.7 11.8 Other food, retail, service, dealing 23.1 28.1 22.5 Domestic servants 0.0 0.0 0.0 Professional 10.7 14.8 9.2 Total males with known occupations (n) 121 166 136 In 1792 for the first time Alcester appears in a surviving trade directory, (but Redditch and other parishes do not appear in directories until later). 1 For commentary on these figures see Chapters 4 and 7. 2 1 For information on other directories for the study area see Chapter 2 and Sources and Bibliography. In these tables if someone has two occupations a value of 0.5 is allocated to each. Where a firm is listed thus: Archer and Mascall, needlemakers, the entry was counted as two people (although many more were employed by them). 2 In addition to the figures shown here UBD 1792 also included 24 businesses run by women, and Pigot’s Directories for 1835 listed 21 Alcester businesses and 16 Redditch businesses run by women. Such businesswomen are discussed in the text, but in order to be consistent with most other sources the tables here show male-led businesses only. 436
Appendix 26: Comparison of occupational structure in different zones in probate and in the 1841 census Probate data These probate data tables based on Tables 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1 and 8.1 in Chapters 4 to 8 are brought together here to allow easy comparison between zones. Table 1 Male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) from probate data in Zone A, Alcester, 1660-1858 (as % of males with known occupations) 1660- 1858 1660- 1699 1700- 1749 1750- 1799 1800- 1858 Primary (including all labourers) 19.0 17.5 16.4 20.2 22.5 Primary (without labourers) 17.9 16.3 14.7 19.1 22.5 Secondary 54.6 59.6 60.3 51.1 46.2 Tertiary 26.4 22.9 23.3 28.7 31.3 Total males with known occupations (n) 379 83 116 89 91 Table 2 Male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) from probate data in Zone B, Southern (Champion) Country, 1660-1858 (as % of males with known occupations) 1660- 1858 1660- 1699 1700- 1749 1750- 1799 1800- 1858 Primary (including all labourers) 64.6 72.9 70.3 60.0 53.8 Primary (without labourers) 60.3 69.7 67.4 53.6 48.3 Secondary 26.2 21.5 22.8 30.9 31.1 Tertiary 9.2 5.7 6.8 9.1 15.1 Total males with known occupations (n) 599.5 158.5 168.5 110 162.5 Table 3 Male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) from probate data in Zone C, Central (Wood-pasture) Belt, 1660-1858 (as % of males with known occupations) 1660- 1858 1660- 1699 1700- 1749 1750- 1799 1800- 1858 Primary (including all labourers) 72.9 75.2 73.3 76.2 68.3 Primary (without labourers) 66.9 68.6 70.5 65.9 61.8 Secondary 19.7 19.9 21.2 17.1 19.7 Tertiary 7.3 4.9 5.6 6.7 12.0 Total males with known occupations (n) 922 226 286 164 246 437
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393: separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397: Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399: Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401: Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403: Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405: Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407: Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409: Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411: Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 412 and 413: sectors which increased their share
Page 414: Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418: Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420: Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422: Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424: 1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
Page 427 and 428: Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
Page 429 and 430: Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
Page 431 and 432: Needlemakers and associated trades
Page 433 and 434: Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
Page 435 and 436: Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
Page 437 and 438: stand out as particularly numerous.
Page 439 and 440: Appendix 23b Occupational structure
Page 441 and 442: Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
Page 443: Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
Page 447 and 448: Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
Page 449 and 450: Sources and Bibliography Primary So
Page 451 and 452: Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
Page 453 and 454: Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456: Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458: BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460: Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462: Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464: Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466: Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468: Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470: Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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