Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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proprietors, huxters, higglers, horse-keepers, ass-drivers, road-menders and toll-gatekeepers. Warehouse-men, warehouse-women and warehouse-boys become increasingly evident, some perhaps employed at needle-factories, others at carriers’ depots. The Birmingham to Gloucester Railway, opened in 1840 just to the west of the Needle District, probably employed workmen from this zone during its construction, and new occupations appear in local records from 1840: brakesman, railroad labourer, railway carriage-builder, railway gatekeeper and railway secretary. Local road-carriers were no doubt kept busy transporting goods to and from canal-wharves and railheads, while from 1844 a horse-omnibus for passengers linked Redditch with the railway-station at Barnt Green. 330 Marketing, dealing, retailing and food and drink As in other zones, these northern parishes held a variety of yearly fairs, and before 1800 Feckenham probably still held its Saturday market, which would have limited appeal as it competed with bigger markets on the same day. 331 Shopkeepers and provision-dealers of all sorts were on the increase throughout the study period. After 1800 Redditch was the focal point for retail trade, but shops of various types flourished in Studley, Feckenham and the growing industrial settlements of Webheath, Astwood Bank, Headless Cross and Crabbs Cross. Redditch was lit by oil-lamps in the 1830s and then by gas from the 1840s, the latter causing the advent of ‘gas-fitters’, ‘gas-workers’ and the 330 Bradford, Old Redditch, p. 41. 331 VCH of Worcestershire, iii, p. 115. See Appendices 12 and 12a for markets and Appendix 13 for fairs. People in this zone would also visit markets at Alcester, Bromsgrove, Henley, Birmingham, Solihull, Worcester and Droitwich. Berrow’s Worcester Journal 13 Aug. 1795 mentions a Feckenham farmer bringing a sample of new corn to Feckenham market on Tues 11 Aug. 1795. In reality he probably took the sample to Alcester or Bromsgrove market both of which were held on Tuesdays. See Appendix 12. 316
‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 332 The new manufacturing town was not chartered to hold a market, but at some time, (probably around 1800), Saturday became its unofficial market day, perhaps replacing the Saturday markets in Feckenham and Alvechurch. 333 The 1841 census lists a couple of ‘market-women’ in rural parts of Feckenham parish, who may have worked at a market or carried produce to various market towns. Although permanent retail outlets and the wider range of goods they now offered for sale began to change the nature of the traditional fairs in this zone, other fairs and unofficial markets probably grew up in the nineteenth century to serve the growing communities. 334 Several families in the Feckenham Forest had traditionally worked as carriers within the Droitwich salt-trade. 335 Before 1750 many such ‘salters’ appear in the records, suggesting quite an extensive involvement in the trade by local families, especially in Feckenham parish. Probate documents shed some light on the salters’ trade. When Humphrey Berrick died in 1682, he was described as a yeoman. His farming involvement was minimal, but his ‘three little mares, four old bags and two pannells (panier bags)(£2-10s)’ indicate his family’s occupation of delivering salt, presumably by packhorse. 336 Three of his sons are described as salters in Feckenham parish register, and he leaves his ‘salt-bags’ to one of the three, Francis Berrick, later described as both husbandman and ‘salt-carrier’. Francis Berrick’s ‘two mares, three pair of traces, pannells, baggs, collars and holmes’ (worth £4-12-0) suggest that, like his predecessors, 332 Bradford, Old Redditch, pp. 38-39. WoRO, 1851 census and Slater’s Worcestershire Directory 1850. 333 Kelly’s Worcestershire Directory 1892 mentions this unchartered market, but earlier directories overlook it. 334 The Cherry Wake in Headless Cross and a market in Astwood Bank, (which were both taking place by 1900), may have started before 1850. 335 Large, ‘Economic and social change in North Worcestershire during the seventeenth century’, p. 132. Perhaps numbers of salters had been greater before the disafforestation (c. 1630) reduced the amount of common grazing on the waste in Feckenham Manor by three-quarters. 336 WoRO, probate of Humphrey Berrick, Feckenham , yeoman, 1682, £14-13-8. 317
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
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Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288: tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290: gentleman, who served as high const
Page 291 and 292: seems to die out with them although
Page 293 and 294: wheelwrights also turned their hand
Page 295 and 296: Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
Page 297 and 298: Hemming family in Studley, which co
Page 299 and 300: in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
Page 301 and 302: distances to find employment. 220 T
Page 303 and 304: Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
Page 305 and 306: Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
Page 307 and 308: eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
Page 309 and 310: during this period, the largest gro
Page 311 and 312: Those attracted into the industry w
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Page 315 and 316: Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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Page 319 and 320: and Warwickshire carriers, includin
Page 321 and 322: A Studley man, the unfortunately na
Page 323: After the completion of The Worcest
Page 327 and 328: meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
Page 329 and 330: Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
Page 331 and 332: smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
Page 333 and 334: Among the clothing and cloth retail
Page 335 and 336: a handful of such men. 384 Probate
Page 337 and 338: Before 1800 local records contain f
Page 339 and 340: various denominations, book-keeper,
Page 341 and 342: domestic servants’ jobs are speci
Page 343 and 344: the local needle trade in the eight
Page 345 and 346: igger population, but at this stage
Page 347 and 348: significant presence of needlemaker
Page 349 and 350: Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
Page 351 and 352: The source in Table 8.5 is more com
Page 353 and 354: Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
Page 355 and 356: Throughout the study period the und
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Page 361 and 362: Table 8.11 Number of different male
Page 363 and 364: Table 8.13 Number of different male
Page 365 and 366: (66) had more occupations than othe
Page 367 and 368: Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
Page 369 and 370: Wealth, status and mobility The sco
Page 371 and 372: This crude ranking approximates to
Page 373 and 374: General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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