Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Table 7.9 shows that at the end of the seventeenth century secondary sector occupations were already well in evidence in Studley, while the needle trade there continued to increase its share of the workforce until the mid-eighteenth century. 27 Table 7.10 Male occupational structure in Studley from baptism register 1813-1840 (shown as % of fathers with known occupations) 1813- 1820 1821- 1830 1831- 1840 Primary (with agricultural labourers) * 39.5 32.5 18.4 Primary (without labourers) 7.4 6.2 0.9 Secondary (with other labourers) * 58.1 61.7 73.8 Secondary (without labourers) 47.0 52.6 67.8 Tertiary 2.3 5.8 7.7 Needlemakers & fish-hook makers 27.1 29.5 38.6 All labourers 43.2 35.3 23.5 Total males with known occupations (n) 236 481 544 * Labourers allocated to primary or secondary sectors using information from the 1831 census. Table 7.10 enables a comparison with the earlier Studley baptism registers (Table 7.9), but also with Tables 7.5 and 7.6, which show information relating to the whole of this zone at the same period. Compared with Table 7.9 it will be noticed that the primary sector’s share continued to fall, while the secondary sector and needlemaking in particular continued to grow. 28 The number of baptism entries for each decade in Tables 7.9 and 7.10 reflects the increase in population. When compared with the whole of Zone D (Table 7.5), Studley appears to be fairly typical. Some settlements such as Redditch would be more industrialised, while the likes of Beoley would be less so. Studley’s percentage for needlemakers is slightly less than the average for the zone from 1813 to 1830, but greater thereafter. 27 Needlemakers are included in secondary and labourers allocated to secondary or primary as explained above. They are also shown separately here for comparison. 28 The changes in the needle industry are described in the text later in this chapter. 250
Table 7.11 Male occupational structure in Studley baptisms 1695 to 1769 in specific occupational groupings (shown as % of fathers with known occupations) 1695- 1707 1720- 1729 1730- 1739 1740- 1749 1750- 1759 1760- 1769 Agriculture (excl. labourers) 32.0 22.1 20.2 24.3 15.1 23.5 Labourers 37.8 49.3 45.5 33.6 44.2 43.2 Extractive 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 Building (excl. carpenters) 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 Tailors/bodice makers 2.7 2.1 1.5 4.0 2.9 2.2 Other textile, clothing & paper 0.4 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.0 1.1 Shoemakers/cordwainers 1.3 2.1 1.5 3.5 3.5 2.2 Other leather, horn and tallow 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Carpenters/joiners 2.7 2.1 1.0 3.5 2.9 1.1 Other woodworkers 2.2 0.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 Blacksmiths/farriers 5.3 1.4 4.0 4.9 1.7 2.2 Other metal (excl. needles/hooks/pins) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Needles/hooks/pins 4.0 11.4 14.6 18.6 19.8 17.5 Transport 0.0 2.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Innkeepers/victuallers 0.0 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 Other food, retail, service, dealing 5.8 2.1 4.0 2.7 3.5 2.7 Domestic servants 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Professional 0.4 0.0 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 Males with known occupations (n) 225 140 198 226 172 183 Table 7.11 clearly shows the dominance of the needle trade in eighteenth century Studley, but also shows that there were a variety of other occupations. 29 29 The number of occupations is shown in Table 7.20 below. 251
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 261 and 262: Table 7.13 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 269 and 270: In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
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Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288: tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290: gentleman, who served as high const
Page 291 and 292: seems to die out with them although
Page 293 and 294: wheelwrights also turned their hand
Page 295 and 296: Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
Page 297 and 298: Hemming family in Studley, which co
Page 299 and 300: in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
Page 301 and 302: distances to find employment. 220 T
Page 303 and 304: Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
Page 305 and 306: Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
Page 307 and 308: eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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