Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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As population estimates before 1801 are speculative, further evidence has been sought in the form of baptism totals for each parish for selected dates, where available, using nine-year moving averages. 25 The figures for Alcester in Table 3.3 corroborate the assumed growth of population from Elizabethan to late Stuart times, followed by stagnation in the eighteenth century. Wrigley also found unusual patterns in Alcester’s eighteenth century baptism registers. ‘In 1730-9, 330 baptisms occurred in reconstituted Alcester families. Thereafter the decadal figure fluctuated but tended to sag, falling to 268 in 1780-9, and 304 in 1790-9, an unusual feature in the later eighteenth century, when, in general, the number of baptisms was rising rapidly.’ 26 Table 3.4 Population totals for Zone A, Alcester from censuses 1801-1861 Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 Zone A, Alcester 1625 1862 2229 2405 2399 2378 2128 The baptism figure for 1810 in Table 3.3 suggests strong population growth again in the early nineteenth century. From 1801 we are on more certain ground with population figures in the form of the censuses. Table 3.4 demonstrates Alcester’s population increasing up to 1831 and then stagnating before falling away in the midnineteenth century. 27 In each of the censuses (1801 to 1831) there are more females than males in Alcester, suggesting employment opportunities for females in the town’s needle trade and retail and service industries. 25 All baptisms in the registers are shown in the data (including those with fathers from outside the parish and also unmarried mothers). Baptisms were chosen rather than marriages as several local parishes were havens for clandestine marriages for couples from outside the parish. 26 E. A. Wrigley, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1729, (Cambridge, CUP, 1997), p. 32. Wrigley thought these baptism figures so unusual as to be untrustworthy, but other sources do suggest this population fall. 27 See Tables 3.14, 3.15 and 3.16 for comparison with other zones. 54
Taking a mean average figure of approximately 1283 inhabitants for the 1670s living in Alcester’s 1758 acres gives a population density of 0.72 persons per acre at that time. 28 In 1801 the density had increased to 0.92 persons per acre and by 1841 this had become 1.36 people to every acre. The occupational structure of Zone A, Alcester, is analysed in the next chapter, which also contains commentary on its economy, giving some rationale for these population figures. Table 3.5 Population estimates for Zone B, The Southern (Champion) Country 1563 to 1780 Acreage 1563 lower 1563 higher 1676 lower 1676 c. 1730 c. 1730 c. 1780 c. 1780 higher lower higher lower higher Bidford-on-Avon 3311 324 405 621 932 672 840 Cleeve Prior 1518 72 90 129 194 240 300 Dorsington 974 56 70 61 92 *90 *90 *90 *90 Harvington 1348 80 100 71 107 180 225 Long Marston 1573 76 95 60 90 *200 *200 *199 *199 Pebworth 3086 160 200 230 345 *250 *250 *436 *436 Salford Priors 4808 268 335 572 715 524 655 Weethley 642 32 40 48 72 56 70 Bickmarsh/Little Dorsington 16 20 10 10 Welford-on-Avon (remainder) 3130 168 210 240 360 250 250 *440 *440 Welford-on-Avon, (Glos. & Warks.) 240 360 *266 *270 450 450 Milcote 10 10 Weston-on-Avon (remainder) 39 59 *70 *70 Weston-on-Avon, (Glos. & Warks.) 1560 36 45 39 59 70 80 80 80 Population estimates for Zone B are shown in Table 3.5. 29 In most of the zone’s parishes, where the Compton Census figures for 1676 appear to show the number of inhabitants or the number of adults, my population estimates are derived by multiplying by 1 for the lower estimate and 1.5 for the higher. However, the 1676 figure for Salford 28 Unless stated otherwise parish acreages used in this study have been made available to me by the Cambridge Group, to whom I am very grateful. In any case their acreages approximate to those given in the VCH for Worcestershire and Warwickshire. 29 As in the tables for other zones, the 1563 population estimates were obtained by using multipliers of 4 and 5 respectively for the lower and higher figures. Acreages are from the Cambridge Group. VCH Warwickshire breaks down Weston on Avon’s acreage into its constituent parts (Milcote 609 acres and the rest of Weston 917) - a total of 1526, slightly less than the Cambridge Group’s figure. 55
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
Page 11 and 12: area to complement that found by th
Page 13 and 14: Although the precise meaning behind
Page 15 and 16: also describes the sources and meth
Page 17 and 18: of the poor and lists of parish app
Page 19 and 20: Probate records Although probate re
Page 21 and 22: and harvested by cutting, whereas f
Page 23 and 24: about the family and businesses of
Page 25 and 26: allowing comparison between the dif
Page 27 and 28: the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
Page 29 and 30: multiple occupations is also incons
Page 31 and 32: Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
Page 33 and 34: surveying occupations in the Needle
Page 35 and 36: and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38: enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40: was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42: Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44: industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46: Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48: osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50: other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52: marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54: of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56: sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60: Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61: Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 65 and 66: sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68: person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69 and 70: The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 71 and 72: shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
Page 73 and 74: y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.15 Population densities 167
Page 77 and 78: seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80: sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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