Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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As the eighteenth century progressed some light is shed upon the employment situation within the town by other sources. Jurors’ lists exist from the 1770s and Alcester’s parish apprenticeship indentures exist in greater numbers for this period than earlier. Although findings from these are discussed in the text where relevant, numbers were not sufficient to warrant statistical analysis. However, inland revenue apprenticeship books for Alcester exist from 1710 to 1804 and are shown in Appendix 23. 28 Some trades made little or no use of official apprenticeships, so these figures have to be treated with some caution. However, Appendix 23 does show the growth of the needle trade and the tertiary sector and the decline of the leather industry in the town. Table 4.9 Comparison of male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the 1841 census, baptisms 1813-1840, probate data 1800-1858 and marriage licence data 1800-1837 in Zone A, Alcester (as % of males with known occupations) showing the bias of other sources compared with the 1841 census Adult Males 1841 Census Baptisms 1813- 1840 Ratio Baptisms to Census Probate 1800- 1858 Ratio Probate to Census Marriage licences 1810- 1837 Ratio Marriage licences to Census Primary 13.1 17.6 1: 0.74 22.5 1: 0.58 22.5 1: 0.58 Secondary 65.4 65.9 1: 0.99 46.2 1: 1.42 50.0 1: 1.31 Tertiary 21.5 16.5 1: 1.30 31.3 1: 0.68 27.5 1: 0.78 Table 4.9 shows the ratio of data in other sources to the 1841 census figure. The 1841 census may be regarded as the most accurate source for adult male structure for that year. As may be expected, the baptism figures are closest to those in the census. While some differences between the census figures and those in other sources can be explained by the different time scales involved, the bias in probate and marriage licence data is also evident. The secondary sector is understated in both probate and marriage licence data, while these sources both exaggerate primary and tertiary compared with the census data. 28 TNA, IR1. These returns have been divided into three periods to show any change. 80
In comparison with probate data the percentages in marriage licence data are slightly closer to those in the census. Such biases are likely to be the case to a lesser or greater extent in earlier periods too, so they have to be borne in mind during the discussion which follows, where references are to raw data in the various sources. 29 In the text below Alcester’s changing occupational structure is discussed in specific occupational groupings, as explained in Chapter 2. I make reference to data in the above tables where relevant, but sometimes do not quote exact figures for certain occupations as the size of samples and bias of sources (especially probate and marriage licences) may cause inconsistencies in these exact figures. Where relevant, explanations of such inconsistencies are discussed, but generally I note the general trends exhibited and look for corroboration from various other sources in order to make observations about whether different occupations were present or absent, and increasing or decreasing in this zone at different periods. Where appropriate, comparisons are made with other zones in the study area and also with studies of places elsewhere by other historians. Agriculture The importance of agriculture in Alcester’s parish economy is shown by Tables 4.2 and 4.4 above. The parish contains keuper marl with some alluvial deposits along the river valleys. Saville notes that Alcester’s seventeenth century agricultural economy (according to probate inventories) was ‘almost equally divided between the growing of crops and the rearing of animals’. 30 The main crops were wheat and barley, but oats, pulses, flax and hemp were also grown. Pastoral farming was also important, especially 29 As explained in Chapter 2, it was not thought meaningful to weight data from other sources by the factors shown in the table as they may not apply in all periods or places. Bias in the whole study area is discussed in Chapter 2. 30 G. E. Saville, ed., Alcester – a History, (Studley, Brewin Books, 1986), p. 41. 81
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
Page 37 and 38: enjoying its status as a market tow
Page 39 and 40: was of course very similar to that
Page 41 and 42: Buchanan has shown that to a large
Page 43 and 44: industry. 80 Some of these factors
Page 45 and 46: Yelling has shown that in both the
Page 47 and 48: osy picture than Rowlands of the me
Page 49 and 50: other regions, for instance Manches
Page 51 and 52: marriage and larger families, but p
Page 53 and 54: of women and children in the econom
Page 55 and 56: sources often favoured by the wealt
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
Page 59 and 60: Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
Page 61 and 62: Alcester fared particularly badly i
Page 63 and 64: Taking a mean average figure of app
Page 65 and 66: sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
Page 67 and 68: person to every acre and by 1841 0.
Page 69 and 70: The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
Page 71 and 72: shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
Page 73 and 74: y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.15 Population densities 167
Page 77 and 78: seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
Page 79 and 80: sources such as smaller population
Page 81 and 82: Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87: For comparative purposes data from
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133 and 134: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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