Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Mill joined Bidford’s Grange Mill in paper production shortly after 1800. 103 These mills only employed a handful of people and were apparently risky concerns. One papermerchant went bankrupt and his partners at Bidford had run up huge debts, but managed to keep the business going. 104 Harvington mill supplied paper for papier-mache trays made at Welford. 105 In 1841 Richard Newman, described as a ragman, presumably collected rags for use in these local paper-mills. 106 Over the two centuries tailors were at work in most of the parishes, even in small settlements like Dorsington. Not many tailors left probate, but their few surviving inventories indicate that, although some engaged in agriculture to supplement their income, they lived very modestly. The inventory of John Rice indicates that almost half of his estate comprised his stock of fustians, serges, ‘tickers’, ‘stuffes’, silk, flannel, buttons and thread. 107 In the 1760s Bidford also had at least one stay-maker. 108 Baptism data suggests that tailors were on the increase in the 1830s; in the 1841 census 1.7% of adult males were tailors. 109 Although many females made clothes, few were distinguished with the term ‘tailor’. However, Margaret Gould of Welford, a dressmaker in 1841, was termed a ‘tailoress’ in 1851. 110 More usual descriptions of females involved in clothing 103 Various documents show papermakers in Harvington from 1803 to 1827. Bidford’s Grange Mill apparently lasted into the 1860s. For example, WoRO, Harvington baptisms 1825 and WaRO, Bidford 1861 census. 104 Birmingham Library, MS3069/Acc1906-002/192563 to 192568. Phillips went bankrupt while the Wrighton brothers continued the business. 105 Information from Welford Local History Society. 106 WaRO, Bidford (Broom) 1841 census. 107 WoRO, probate of John Rice, Bidford, tailor, 1729, £59-0-0. (One Bidford tailor was probably also a weaver. WoRO, probate of Thomas Harbidge, Bidford, yeoman, 1700, mentions Robeert Baldwyn, Bidford, weaver, and probate of John Slater, Bidford, (no occupation given), 1713, mentions Robert Balwin, Bidford, weaver.) 108 WoRO, marriage licence of Richard Scrivin, Bidford, staymaker, Dec. 1761. He doubled as a victualler. 109 Tables 5.6 and 5.8. 110 WaRO, Welford 1841 and 1851 census. There was also another ‘tailoress’ in Welford in 1851. Also a girl was apprenticed to a tailor in Pebworth in 1816. (WoRO, BA3586 (v), Feckenham apprentice records.) 166
manufacture include mantua-makers, milliners, dressmakers and seamstresses. 111 Bidford seemed to be a focus for such occupations and also had a male ‘habit-maker’ and four ‘thimblemen’. 112 Leather, horn and tallow Leatherworkers were less numerous here than in other zones. 113 However, from 1660 to 1800 tanners were working the tanyard at Dunnington in Salford Priors parish, which adjoined the woodland parishes to the north and so had access to bark for tanning. 114 Cleeve Prior also boasted a couple of tanners before 1750, while only one skinner, one currier and one fellmonger appear in this zone’s records – all in Bidford. 115 Bidford was also home to collarmakers cum saddlers cum harness-makers throughout the study period, while at different times such businesses were also based in Harvington, Pebworth and Long Marston. 116 111 WaRO, 1841 and 1851 censuses. In 1841 4.1% of adult females with known occupations were makers of clothes. The Bidford 1851 census also lists females who were a straw-bonnetmaker, a shirt-maker and a men’s frock-maker. The term ‘mantuamaker’ occurs in this zone from 1754 to 1805. (Various apprentice records including TNA, IR1/52 and 54.) 112 WaRO, Bidford 1841 census, records William Share, habitmaker. SCLA, ER 10/2/104, mentions four thimblemen, who were prosecuted for thieving materials from Joseph Matthews, Bidford, tailor and draper. They may have worked for Joseph Matthews, or perhaps been suppliers of thimbles, etc. 113 See Tables 5.2, 5.4 and 5.6 above. Table 5.8 (1841 census) gives a figure of 0.2% for adult males in leather trades apart from shoemakers. 114 WoRO, probate of Richard Walford, Salford Priors, tanner, 1688, £240-4-6. WoRO, probate of John Walford, Dunnington, Salford Priors, 1748, £603-13- 3. His inventory reveals various skins and hides (including horse-hides) in the tan-house and in ‘the limes’. WoRO, marriage licence of William Gould, Dunnington, Salford Priors, tanner, Feb. 1768. 115 WoRO, probate of William Perkins, Bidford, skinner, 1710, £88-1-0. TNA, IR1/53, apprenticeship returns for 1759 list William Collins of Bidford, currier. 116 TNA, PCC probate of Walter Martin, Bidford, collarmaker, 1661. WoRO, marriage licence of Joseph Bosward, Bidford, brickmaker, 1725, witnessed by William Baylis, Bidford, collarmaker. WaRO, Bidford 1841 and 1851 censuses list William Dowdeswell, saddler/harness-maker. WaRO, Long Marston marriages 1850 records William Blunn, of that parish, harness-maker. WoRO, Pebworth 1851 census lists Charles Moore, saddler/harness-maker. WoRO, marriage licence of John Dyer, Harvington, collarmaker, 1682. 167
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133 and 134: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460:
Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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