Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Scambler, an Alcester merchant of the 1760s, traded in London and was regarded as ‘quite the beau’. 279 An increasing emphasis on literacy, record keeping and exchange of commercial ideas, (at least in certain sectors of society), is in evidence. From the 1780s Messrs Johnson and Hemming appear to be the town’s first printers, while nineteenth century directories advertise more printers, a circulating library, booksellers and stationers, one of whom also dealt ‘in fancy articles’. 280 Alcester also had a stamp office and a post office to keep it in touch with the outside world and postboys to deliver the mail. 281 Baptism data from 1813-1820 show 18% of Alcestrian fathers working in either the pub trade or in retail, food sales, dealing or service industries, while 1841 census figures show 16% of men and 10% of women in these two sectors. 282 There must have been many female shop assistants and barmaids, while directories list women in charge of a variety of businesses. 283 As described above many men in the retail sector were men of substance. The jurors’ lists include the following occupations: maltster, baker, grocer, mercer, draper, victualler, butcher, shopkeeper and dealer. 284 One service provider, the chimney sweep, (frequently a lowly itinerant), was often absent from contemporary documentation. The first we find is in 1764, but we know little about him or his modus operandi. 285 Seven sweeps emerge from Alcester’s records 279 WoRO, marriage licence of William Chatterly, Coughton, wheelwright, April 1767, witnessed by John Scambler, Alcester, merchant. Also Redditch Indicator 22 Dec 1860. Scambler may also have been a turner. 280 UBD 1792. Members of the Hemming family were schoolmasters, mercers, drapers, printers and booksellers. Johnson was also a schoolmaster. 281 Information about the post office is given in Appendix 14. 282 Tables 4.6 and 4.8. The 1841 census figures given here are for men and women over 20. 283 For example,UBD 1792 and TNA, IR1, inland revenue apprentice returns, show female innkeepers, ironmongers, mantua-makers, milliners, shopkeepers, grocers, mercers, butchers, bakers, confectioners and a postmistress. 284 WaRO, QS76/3, jurors’ lists, 1772-99. 285 WoRO, marriage licence of John Glover, Alcester, chimney sweep, 1764. 126
in the first half of the nineteenth century suggesting that the town was a base from which they served the surrounding area. 286 In Period D male hairdressers were based in the town, while many laundresses, washerwomen and charwomen appear in the 1841 census. 287 Some hawkers were resident in Alcester, such as Anthony Wright, earthenware-dealer cum ‘packman’, and Hugh McEvoy, convicted for hawking without a licence. 288 Professionals, gentry, domestic servants and others Alcester had only one Anglican church, so Church of England clergy were not as numerous as in larger towns. Typically the rector and his curate were resident in the town, the curate sometimes doubling as a schoolmaster at the Newport Free School, (the local grammar school), which had been in existence since the fifteenth century. 289 Perhaps schoolmasters also served as relief ministers in surrounding parishes. Certainly the masters were mainly Church of England clergymen. 290 In the eighteenth century the established church grew in strength, at least as far as parish governance was concerned, with the vestry taking on some of the manor court’s functions. However, some men who served in such roles as overseers of the poor were protestant dissenters, which may have led to conflict with the three long-serving rectors who were in post during the first half of 286 This is more than for all the other parishes combined. One Alcester sweep, James Hurst, has children baptised in Pershore as well as in Alcester, suggesting the nomadic nature of the job. (WaRO, Alcester baptisms 1822 and Alcester 1841 census. WoRO, Pershore Holy Cross baptisms 1820.) 287 Before 1800 the term ‘hairdresser’ was not in evidence; hair-care, wig-care and shaving was undertaken by the barber-surgeons mentioned in the next section. 288 WaRO, Alcester baptisms 1838, 1840, mention Wright. WaRO, QS17, king’s moieties for convictions of unlicensed pedlars, hawkers and stage-coaches, 1829, refers to McEvoy. 289 Saville, Alcester - a History, p. 55. 290 For much of its time the grammar school seemed to employ two masters simultaneously. For example, WoRO, BA2697, (ref.716:051), diocesan subscription book, lists Richard Jennings and John Gibbons for 1703. WoRO, Worcester diocesan visitation book BA2951 (ii) and churchwardens’ presentments, BA2289/1, mention Samuel Case, ‘ludimagister’, for non-attendance at church; he preferred to attend conventicles. He probably taught in Alcester, but lived in nearby Arrow. 127
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
Page 83 and 84: the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
Page 87 and 88: For comparative purposes data from
Page 89 and 90: In comparison with probate data the
Page 91 and 92: ways by different townsfolk: to gra
Page 93 and 94: gained currency in non-legal parlan
Page 95 and 96: In Period A glaziers benefited from
Page 97 and 98: the knitters, other occupations in
Page 99 and 100: dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
Page 101 and 102: ‘to learn the art and mystery of
Page 103 and 104: thereof must have gone out of fashi
Page 105 and 106: apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 153 and 154: Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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