Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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as both cabinetmaker and builder and Thomas Hale as carpenter, wood-turner and chairmaker. 129 upholsterer. 130 George Southwell the younger was a joiner, while George senior was an James Mills of Welford, farmer and timberman, was also a (threshing)- machine-maker. After his death his widow Mary continued the machine-making business and maybe some of his other enterprises. 131 Other woodworkers were always present in this zone in small numbers. 132 Throughout the study period the odd ploughwright and wheelwright operated hereabouts, at least one being listed by the alternative descriptor of ‘wheeler’. 133 The last two periods saw wheelwrights on the increase; they were now based in at least half the parishes, apparently still making ploughs as well as other horse-drawn vehicles. 134 129 WaRO, Bidford censuses 1831, 1841, 1851. 130 WaRO, Bidford baptisms 1837 and 1841 census. 131 WaRO, DR360/79/190, Alcester apprentice record of William Dance to James Mills, Welford, machinemaker, 1823. WaRO, Welford baptisms and 1841 census. Information from Welford Local History Society shows that Mills was something of an entrepreneur, supervising workshops where brewing, needlemaking and paper-tray making went on. He was also a contractor, supplying stone blocks for the Stratford to Moreton tramway. K. F. Chapman, ‘The Langley plough’, Warwickshire History, 12, (2002), discusses another enterprising family who made ploughs and agricultural machinery just outside the study area. 132 Table 5.8 (1841 census) shows that 1.3% of adult males were in this category. 133 TNA, IR1/50, inland revenue apprenticeship books for 1744 lists Nathan Harris, Cleeve Prior, ‘wheeler’. 134 Of 7 wheelwrights in probate 3 were in Period D. WaRO, CR3916/1, Wheelwright’s account book, 1790-1820, (described as from Long Marston, but in reality from Pebworth) details different work undertaken for customers. 170
Over the two centuries a couple of coopers were always present in riverside parishes, where perhaps making barrels was especially useful for the river-trade. 135 Weethley was the base for a family of turners for at least a century, while Simon Barnes, although described as a yeoman, owned ‘turning tooles and a lathe in the shop’. No doubt turning wooden objects such as treenware bowls or legs for stools and chairs was a useful by-employment for rainy days. 136 Sawyers first make an appearance in the 1780s but become more plentiful in the nineteenth century. 137 The Avon provided osiers for Bidford’s basketry craftsmen: William Edkins, basketmaker, and William Harward, putchin-maker. 138 Some labourers may have pursued basketry as a sideline, such as Ephraim Churchley, variously described as labourer and sieve-bottomer. 139 135 GlosRO, probate of William Porter alias Baker, Welford, cooper, 1670, (value unclear). Other coopers of this surname were in Wixford and Flyford Flavell. TNA, PCC probate of Matthew Snedwell, Broad Marston, (Pebworth), cooper, 1669, indicates that he was in fact a ship’s cooper at sea. Welford seemed to be something of a woodworking centre for this zone with wheelwrights, coopers and carpenters. 136 The Parker family were turners in Weethley from the 1680s to the 1780s. GlosRO, probate of Simon Barnes, Broad Marston, Pebworth, yeoman, 1708, £245-5-1, list turning tools. 137 These references to coopers, turners and sawyers appear in a variety of records including probate, marriage licences and censuses. WaRO, Bidford 1851 census lists a ‘labourer at the sawmill’. 138 WoRO, probate of William Harward, Bidford, putchin-maker, 1731/2, £142-19-10. (Putchins were fish-traps made from basketwork.) He had a parcel of osiers, thirteen baskets, three and a half dozen putchins and other goods ready for sale. The quantities may suggest that he supplied customers over a wider area than just the parish. 139 WaRO, Long Marston 1841 census, and Long Marston baptisms 1813-1820. Basketmakers in Alcester also made sieves. In the Vale of Evesham ‘sieve’ may mean a type of shallow basket for transporting fruit, e. g. bushel and half bushel ‘sieves’ in A. Heseltine, Baskets and Basketmaking, (Princes Risborough, Shire Publications, 1982), p. 31, and J. G. Jenkins, Traditional Country Craftsmen, (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 46. WaRO, Bidford 1851 census also lists a beehive-maker; beehives at that time were usually of the basketwork type. 171
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133 and 134: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466:
Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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