Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Appendix 1: Parish Gazetteer Information about Parishes in the Study Area 1 A short summary follows of each of the parishes included in this survey with essential information to help place the various communities in their correct context. The market town of Alcester (Zone A) is described first, followed by descriptions of the other parishes grouped into the subdivisions of Zone B, The Southern (Champion) Country, Zone C, The Central (Wood-pasture Belt) and Zone D, The Northern (Needle) District. Approximate compass directions and distances (in miles) to Alcester and other local or important market centres are included. 2 Zone A, Alcester - a parish of 1758 acres including the ancient market town of Alcester at the confluence of the Alne and Arrow and at the crossing of Icknield Street and the ancient Saltway from Droitwich to Stratford; also including hamlet of Kings Coughton). Described as a free borough from the time of Henry I. Market held on Tuesdays from the thirteenth century; also various fairs. The town was described as ‘a very good market for corn’ in 1746 and a corn exchange was built in 1857. Warwick deanery, Worcester diocese; Alcester division of Barlichway Hundred, Warwickshire and Alcester Union. London 103 SE, Birmingham 20 N, Coventry 25 NE, Gloucester 35 SW, Warwick 15 NE, Worcester 15 W, Alvechurch 11 N, Redditch 7 N, Kings Norton 15 N, Sutton Coldfield 25N, Coleshill 23 NE, Henley-in-Arden 8 NE, Solihull 16 NE, Kenilworth 24 NE, Leamington 20 NE, Southam 25 E, Kineton 20 E, Stratford-upon-Avon 8 E, Shipston-upon-Stour 18 SE, Chipping Campden 14 SE, Moreton-in-Marsh 20 SE, Stow-on-the Wold 23 SE, Winchcombe 20 S, Cheltenham 25 S, Evesham 11 S, Pershore 12 SW, Fladbury 11 SW, 370
Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury 22 SW, Droitwich 12 W, Bromsgrove 12 NW, Kidderminster 21 NW, Halesowen 20 NW, Stourport 22 NW, Bewdley 24 NW, Dudley 24 NW, Stourbridge 22 NW. The Greville and Brooke families (sometime Earls of Warwick) held the manor until 1813 when it was sold to the Marquess of Hertford, whose seat was at nearby Ragley Hall. There must have been much early enclosure but the award of 1771 enclosed Alcester Heath and the common field. A post town. Zone B, The Southern (Champion) Country Bidford-on-Avon - a large parish of 3311 acres including the considerable village of ‘drunken’ Bidford and the hamlets of ‘beggarly’ Kings Broom, Barton and Marlcliff; Warwick deanery, Worcester diocese; Stratford Division of Barlichway Hundred, Warwickshire, but Alcester Union. Alcester (post) 4, Evesham 7, Stratford 7. For most of the period Bidford manor was held by the Skipwith family. Bidford Grange, Marlcliff and Barton had been separate manors, but became part of the main manor of Bidford. Broom was originally two separate hamlets, namely Burnells Broom and Kings Broom. Burnells Broom became depopulated before the seventeenth century. Kings Broom, sometimes included in the constabulary of neighbouring Temple Grafton, was held by the Throckmorton family. From the thirteenth century Bidford had been a market centre, but the market was discontinued before the end of the eighteenth century and the market cross was already in ruins by 1639. Fairs in April and September until 1872. The Avon (navigable at this point) and the Arrow flow through the parish. An important bridge 1 Information about the various parishes is mainly from VCH, but supplemented with information from Rudder for Gloucestershire parishes. 2 These distances are only approximate as the road system changed over time. 371
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
Page 327 and 328: meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
Page 329 and 330: Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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Page 333 and 334: Among the clothing and cloth retail
Page 335 and 336: a handful of such men. 384 Probate
Page 337 and 338: Before 1800 local records contain f
Page 339 and 340: various denominations, book-keeper,
Page 341 and 342: domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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Page 349 and 350: Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
Page 351 and 352: The source in Table 8.5 is more com
Page 353 and 354: Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
Page 355 and 356: Throughout the study period the und
Page 357 and 358: inventories cease, it is more diffi
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Page 361 and 362: Table 8.11 Number of different male
Page 363 and 364: Table 8.13 Number of different male
Page 365 and 366: (66) had more occupations than othe
Page 367 and 368: Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
Page 369 and 370: Wealth, status and mobility The sco
Page 371 and 372: This crude ranking approximates to
Page 373 and 374: General conclusions In this chapter
Page 375 and 376: the study area’s needle masters l
Page 377: In looking at the wider picture we
Page 381 and 382: and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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Page 385 and 386: manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
Page 387 and 388: Worcester diocese; middle division
Page 389 and 390: Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
Page 391 and 392: Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393: separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397: Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399: Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401: Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403: Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405: Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407: Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409: Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411: Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 412 and 413: sectors which increased their share
Page 414: Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418: Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420: Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422: Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424: 1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
Page 427 and 428: Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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