Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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of the other metal trades, and needlemakers were perhaps slower to abandon agriculture than their Black Country cousins. In a wider context my findings regarding occupational structure may be compared with surveys of other regions, for example those undertaken by the Cambridge Group. An industrialising zone such as the Needle District exhibits similarities to certain other industrial areas. The PST figures for Studley and Coughton in the eighteenth century make an interesting comparison with West Yorkshire at that time, with similar percentages. 34 Other parishes in my study exhibit relative occupational stability like Masten’s Hertfordshire parishes, while Sambourne’s lack of suitable water-power led to partial deindustrialisation like certain Northamptonshire parishes. 35 My study takes the figures back earlier than most completed projects by the Cambridge Group, but as their projects and other surveys are completed there will be more studies with which to compare my own findings about early industrialisation. 36 Although there will undoubtedly be exceptions, the PST make-up of many places may well prove to have been established earlier than once thought. My Table 8.1 above shows little change in secondary from the early figure, while the tertiary sector was wellestablished before 1700 and continued to grow throughout the study period, though the greatest growth was apparently between Periods C and D. 37 34 Compare my Table 7.24 above with Table 1 in L. Shaw-Taylor and A. Jones, ‘An industrializing Region? The West Riding of Yorkshire c. 1755-1871’ on the Cambridge Group website: www.hpss.geog.cam.ac.uk The occupations behind the percentages are of course quite different. I am grateful to the Cambridge Group for permission to quote their findings in this preliminary report and in the reports referred to below. 35 V. Masten, ‘Male occupational structure in Hertfordshire’, and L. Shaw-Taylor and A. Jones, ‘Male occupational structure in Northamptonshire 1777-1851’, both on the website: www.hpss.geog.cam.ac.uk 36 P. Kitson, ‘The male occupational structure of Bedfordshire c. 1700-1871’ on the website: www.hpss.geog.cam.ac.uk produces PST figures c. 1725 similar to my own for 1700-1749 in Table 8.1 above. 37 For example, see Table 8.1. 368
In looking at the wider picture we should never lose sight of the differences between the working lives of different individuals. Gender, age, health, marital status, family, abode, aspiration, attitude and serendipity all influence the occupational paths followed by an individual and, consequently, the occupational structure of whole communities. 369
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
Page 325 and 326: ‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
Page 327 and 328: meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
Page 329 and 330: Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
Page 331 and 332: smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
Page 333 and 334: Among the clothing and cloth retail
Page 335 and 336: a handful of such men. 384 Probate
Page 337 and 338: Before 1800 local records contain f
Page 339 and 340: various denominations, book-keeper,
Page 341 and 342: domestic servants’ jobs are speci
Page 343 and 344: the local needle trade in the eight
Page 345 and 346: igger population, but at this stage
Page 347 and 348: significant presence of needlemaker
Page 349 and 350: Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
Page 351 and 352: The source in Table 8.5 is more com
Page 353 and 354: Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
Page 355 and 356: Throughout the study period the und
Page 357 and 358: inventories cease, it is more diffi
Page 359 and 360: your new shoes from the village cor
Page 361 and 362: Table 8.11 Number of different male
Page 363 and 364: Table 8.13 Number of different male
Page 365 and 366: (66) had more occupations than othe
Page 367 and 368: Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
Page 369 and 370: Wealth, status and mobility The sco
Page 371 and 372: This crude ranking approximates to
Page 373 and 374: General conclusions In this chapter
Page 375: the study area’s needle masters l
Page 379 and 380: Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
Page 381 and 382: and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
Page 383 and 384: ‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
Page 385 and 386: manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
Page 387 and 388: Worcester diocese; middle division
Page 389 and 390: Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
Page 391 and 392: Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393: separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397: Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399: Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401: Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403: Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405: Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407: Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409: Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411: Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 412 and 413: sectors which increased their share
Page 414: Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418: Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420: Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422: Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424: 1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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