Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Textile, clothing and paper Clothier – draper, weaver Clothworker - publican Dyer – weaver, woolcomber Feltmaker - hatter Flax-dresser - ropemaker Hatter - feltmaker Papermaker – shopkeeper, corn miller, needlemaker Ropemaker – publican, (sacking) weaver, flax-dresser Staymaker – victualler, shopkeeper, tea dealer, tailor Strawhat maker - shoemaker Tailor – bodicemaker, staymaker, draper, publican, breechesmaker, shopkeeper, weaver, grocer, needlemaker, schoolmaster, habitmaker Weaver – webster, whitener, baker, tailor, publican, ropemaker, parish clerk, gardener, clothier, dyer, needlemaker Woolcomber/woolstapler – seedsman, fellmonger, dyer Leather, horn and tallow Cordwainer/shoemaker – bootmaker, needlemaker, parish clerk, publican, shopkeeper, carrier, baker, maltster, strawhat maker, timbermerchant, draper Currier – tanner, maltster Fellmonger – woolstapler, skinner, glover, woolman, publican Saddler – whittawer, collarmaker, haberdasher, harness maker, bagmaker, maltster, publican, horse dealer Skinner – cutter, castrator, fellmonger, glover, publican, maltster (Tallow) chandler – ironmonger, grocer, butcher, draper, shopkeeper, soap boiler, maltster, merchant Tanner - needlemaker Wood and charcoal Basketmaker – sievemaker, putchinmaker Carpenter/joiner – wheelwright, pumpmaker, publican, timber dealer, tollgate keeper, builder, ironmonger, millwright, sawyer, ploughwright, thatcher, cooper, fisherman Charcoal burner/wood-collier - publican Cooper – carpenter, wheelwright, publican Sawyer – chairmaker, carpenter, needlemaker, timber dealer, publican, bricklayer, haulier Sievemaker – basketmaker, teugerer Teugerer – besom-maker, sievemaker Timberdealer – timber merchant, beer retailer, publican, carpenter, cooper, shopkeeper, lathmaker, wheelwright, builder, sawyer Turner – chairmaker, beer retailer, maltster Wheelwright – ploughwright, maltster, carpenter, shopkeeper, victualler, blacksmith, machinemaker, carrier, agricultural implement maker, cooper, coachmaker 426
Metal Blacksmith – whitesmith, PO, clockmaker, needlemaker, publican, minister, fisherman, maltster, road-mender, ironmonger Brazier – tinman, shopkeeper, ironmonger Clockmaker/watchmaker – shopkeeper, gunsmith, cutler, blacksmith Cutler - clockmaker Fish-hookmaker – needlemaker, fishing tackle maker Gunsmith - locksmith Ironmonger – tinman, brazier, shopkeeper, carpenter, builder, whitesmith, hawker, broker, nail-factor, chandler, saddler, plumber, glazier, maltster, blacksmith Nailmaker - shopkeeper Needlemaker – publican, blacksmith, shopkeeper, grocer, veterinary surgeon, pinmaker, fish-hookmaker, papermaker, gardener, seedsman, barber, wiredrawer, boilermaker, shoemaker, bricklayer, schoolmaster, china dealer, tanner, weaver Pinmaker - needlemaker Toyman – shopkeeper, publican Whitesmith – blacksmith, printer Transport Boatman – fisherman, coal dealer Carrier – publican, shopkeeper, huckster, fruiterer, wheelwright, haulier, higgler, blacksmith, carpenter, sawyer, gamekeeper Coach proprietor - publican Haulier – sawyer, carrier, coal dealer Tollgate keeper - publican Wharfinger - publican Marketing, dealing, retailing, food and drink Baker – confectioner, publican, maltster, butcher, shoemaker, shopkeeper, banker, grocer, tollgate keeper, gardener Bookseller – stationer, printer, engraver Butcher – publican, baker, grazier, dealer, shopkeeper Chapman – dealer, draper, needlemaker, fish-hook maker China dealer – grocer, needlemaker Coal dealer – brickmaker, sawyer, haulier, publican, bricklayer, carrier, boatman, butcher, needlemaker Dealer – publican, butcher, saddler, tanner, baker, cooper, miller, chandler, maltster, tailor, hawker Draper – hosier, mercer, tailor, clothier Fruiterer – carrier, huckster, blacksmith, tripe dealer Grocer – publican, provision dealer, tea dealer, shopkeeper, mercer, baker, sawyer, druggist, coal dealer, brickmaker, chandler, draper, blacksmith, china dealer Haberdasher – saddler, mercer Hawker – toydealer, shopkeeper 427
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
Page 383 and 384: ‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
Page 385 and 386: manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
Page 387 and 388: Worcester diocese; middle division
Page 389 and 390: Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
Page 391 and 392: Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393: separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397: Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399: Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401: Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403: Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405: Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407: Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409: Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411: Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 412 and 413: sectors which increased their share
Page 414: Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418: Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420: Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422: Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424: 1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
Page 427 and 428: Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
Page 429 and 430: Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
Page 431 and 432: Needlemakers and associated trades
Page 433: Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
Page 437 and 438: stand out as particularly numerous.
Page 439 and 440: Appendix 23b Occupational structure
Page 441 and 442: Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
Page 443 and 444: Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
Page 445 and 446: Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
Page 447 and 448: Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
Page 449 and 450: Sources and Bibliography Primary So
Page 451 and 452: Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
Page 453 and 454: Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456: Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458: BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460: Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462: Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464: Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
Page 465 and 466: Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468: Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470: Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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