Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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and practising midwifery without a licence. 195 presented as recusants or non-conformists. 196 In Stuart times three schoolmasters were They may have kept catholic or nonconformist schools in their home parishes or in nearby Alcester or Stratford. Until Victorian times children of the Central Belt were not blessed with abundant opportunities for education. References to schools are few and far between and many may have been very ad hoc, short-lived or part-time arrangements. 197 However, tiny Ardens Grafton already boasted a Sunday school by the 1780s. 198 In the nineteenth century educators are more in evidence including a couple of governesses and Haselor’s musical brothers: a music professor and a piano-tuner. 199 Although music was an important part of parish life, it was often a secondary occupation or performed by amateurs. Musicians rarely appear in local records, but even tiny Spernall had its own fiddler. 200 Sport too was largely undertaken on an amateur basis, but a ‘horse-courser’ is recorded in the 1730s. 201 Apart from the midwife mentioned above other men and women in this subdistrict must have been consulted by their neighbours in times of ill-health and confinement, but in contrast with other subdivisions, this zone was devoid of surgeons, 195 WoRO, BA2724. 196 Johnson, Warwick County Records, 6, p. 60, (quarter sessions 1683/4), concerning William Edkins, Temple Grafton, schoolmaster, and ibid., 8, p. 169, (quarter sessions 1686), concerning Elisha Lane, Haselor, schoolmaster, both for non-attendance at church. Samuel Case of Arrow and Alcester is mentioned above in Zone A. 197 In Worcester Weekly Journal 12 Oct. 1749 John Bell, rector of Exhall, formerly master at Alcester Grammar School, advertised that he was taking private pupils. At the start of the century the master of Aston Cantlow’s school had been the parish’s incumbent, but in mid-century the school was run by Thomas Hayes, (also a weaver and victualler). (WoRO, probate of Thomas Bevan, Tardebigge, (no occupation given), 1756, witnessed by Thomas Hayes, Aston Cantlow, schoolmaster.) 198 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 7 May 1789 carries a notice from Sunday school pupils thanking their benefactors for books and for dinner on Easter Monday. The parishes with schools can be seen in Appendix 19. 199 WaRO, 1841 and 1851 census, Upton, Haselor. 200 WaRO, Studley burials, 1767: the burial of John Corbet of Spernall, fiddler. 201 WoRO, marriage licence of William Sparritt, Arrow, horse-courser, March 1731. Maybe he was employed at the stables at Ragley Hall, or was what we would now call a jockey. 232
apothecaries and midwives before 1800, at least in surviving records. Nineteenth century sources do list midwives and surgeons hereabouts, but, as society moved rapidly and relentlessly towards the modern, railway age, it was probably comforting for older villagers to know that they still had the likes of John Yeend, bone-setter of Rous Lench, as an alternative to modern doctors or vets. 202 References to servicemen in local records are few. However, in the late seventeenth century one ex-soldier petitions for a disablement pension, and Binton’s rector followed Marlborough to Flanders as chaplain of a regiment of horse in 1705. 203 Edward Currier, an Inkberrow tailor, was pressed into the army, but deserted in 1709. 204 Absent and returning servicemen caused concern for various parishes in Periods C and D. 205 Nineteenth-century sources document a few soldiers of various ranks and two naval captains. 206 Before 1800 many lawyers were disguised in records as ‘gentlemen’, but attorneys and writing-masters were present. 207 From the 1740s parliamentary enclosure provided an opportunity for certain local gentlemen to act as commissioners. 208 One 202 Lewis’s Worcestershire Directory 1820. 203 WaRO, CR611/598, Spernall poor records, concerning Thomas Bott, Morton Bagot, disabled soldier. WoRO, BA2289/3/(ii), Binton churchwardens’ presentments 1705-6, regarding their rector. 204 His desertion was abetted by another tailor-soldier from nearby Fladbury. Chancellor Lloyd took an interest in the case, which appears to have ended well for Currier, who returned to the more serene life of a tailor in Inkberrow. Glos RO, D3549/3/2/4 and WoRO, marriage licence of Edward Currier, Inkberrow, tailor, May 1739. 205 For example, WaRO, DR259/45/13, Aston Cantlow settlements, 1769, concerning William Peters, labourer, ex-soldier, and WaRO, DR 259/49/11, Aston Cantlow removals, 1783, concerning Hannah, wife of Thomas Foxhall, marine. 206 For example, WaRO, Great Alne baptisms 1834 and TNA, PCC probate of Capt. John Fortescue, Cookhill, Inkberrow, 1808. See also Hunt and Jackson, Inkberrow Folk and Farms, pp. 61-66. 207 WoRO, probate of his relation Ann Timbrell, Ipsley, 1682, includes notes from William Holyoake of Morton Bagot to the proctor referring to ‘my client’ in an earlier legal case. N. B. The Holyoake family included gentlemen and attorneys elsewhere in the west midlands. WoRO, BS2289/3/(iii), Bidford churchwardens’ presentments, 1705, mention Mr. Burdit, barrister, and Ralph Sheldon, writing-master, both of Bidford or Temple Grafton. WoRO, BA2289/18/(vi), Spernall, churchwardens’ presentments, 1749, mention Laurence Petre, attorney at law. 208 WaRO, QS9/12/1. Aston Cantlow Enclosure Award names gentlemen commissioners from Studley (in Zone D) and from Wixford, Temple Grafton and Morton Bagot in this zone. 233
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 269 and 270: In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
Page 273 and 274: pigs and considerable cheese produc
Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
Page 287 and 288: tanners were amongst the most afflu
Page 289 and 290: gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
Page 463 and 464:
Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
Page 467 and 468:
Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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