Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Oversley and Arrow and perhaps elsewhere. 42 The descriptor ‘jockey’, which appears in QS records in 1799, may then have had a different nuance. 43 Table 6.2 (probate) suggests that the percentage in farming stayed fairly constant from 1660 to 1800, but after 1800 those in farming formed a smaller share of the workforce. 44 Baptism data also suggests a falling percentage of farmers during Period D, but, after a decline in the 1820s, labourers show a slightly increased share in the 1830s. 45 Interpretation of the 1831 figures for agricultural occupiers is difficult. In this Central Belt 164 occupiers employed labourers and 61 did not. In Inkberrow the respective figures were 47 and 6, while neighbouring Stock and Bradley was the only parish in this zone where occupiers employing labourers (8) were outnumbered by those who did not (15). No doubt farm-size was the main factor behind these differences, but more research would be needed for a full explanation. Although the breakdown of labourers in 1831 for this zone was 93.7% agricultural and 6.3% non-agricultural, certain parishes with quarries had significant percentages of non-agricultural labourers, for example Exhall 31.7% and Temple Grafton 22.8%. 46 Times were hard for labourers in the late 1820s, and prospects bleak, which may have led to the six incidents of arson in Binton parish in the twelve months to January 1829. 47 42 WoRO, BA2289/8, Exhall churchwardens’ presentments 1705, where the wife of John Smith, Exhall, pig-driver, was presented as a papist. 43 WoRO, QS557/58, 59, 1799, concerning James Fox., a jockey, who ‘goes from farm to farm breaking in colts’. Although he may well have ridden in horse-races, it seems that his main function was that of horsebreaker or colt-breaker. 44 As noted in Chapter 2, probate data vastly underestimates the number of labourers, but before 1813 probate is the best guide to occupational structure. 45 Table 6.6. 46 Appendix 7. 47 Aris’s Birmingham Gazette 12 Jan 1829. 204
In Period D other occupations associated with this sector (all in very small numbers) include gardener, nurseryman’s labourer, grazier, hay-trusser, hay-cutter, castrator, veterinary surgeon, shepherd, carter, pig-dealer, cattle-dealer, horse-dealer, horse-breaker and colt-breaker. 48 The Kinwarton land-owner and magistrate, Thomas Brown, also rejoiced in the description ‘agriculturist’. 49 The 1841 census indicates that agricultural occupations apart from labourers comprised some 13.1% of the adult male workforce, while 48.5% were agricultural labourers. Although the roles of women and children in agriculture are often hidden before 1840, the censuses show that several women ran farms, while women and adolescents of both sexes were also employed on the land. 50 The 1851 census also lists the odd dairy-woman or dairy-maid. Gamekeepers are mentioned more than in former times. The Dyke family provided at least three gamekeepers and also the only fisherman in this period. 51 Extractive industries and building Several parishes in this Central Belt had small quarries of Arden sandstone, which yielded building stone for local needs, while other parishes had limestone quarries, whose produce was used for building and also burnt to make lime. 52 Quarrying activities were probably seasonal and dovetailed with the agricultural 48 These jobs are found in a variety of sources, for example baptisms, censuses and directories. 49 WaRO, Kinwarton 1841 and 1851 census. 50 The enumerators’ schedules have to be used with caution. Ploughboys as young as 9 are recorded in Temple Grafton, but the Haselor enumerator appears to include whole families as agricultural labourers including some children under 5. Several women are recorded as field-workers, field-labourers or agricultural labourers. 51 WaRO, Haselor, Arrow and Salford Priors baptisms, and 1841 census. 52 WaRO, CR1998/LCB/26, Throckmorton MSS, shows payments for lime from William Hill of Shelfield, Aston Cantlow, used in the repair of a brick wall in 1673 and also stone from Great Alne and elsewhere. See Appendix 18 for parishes with quarries. 205
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 261 and 262: Table 7.13 Male occupational struct
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Table 7.16 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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Table 7.22 Male occupational struct
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458:
BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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