Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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exchange of ideas. Throughout the study period the (mainly autumnal) mop fairs provided an important focus for the labour market, where many labourers and servants of both sexes were hired until the following Michaelmas. Most parishes boasted at least one drinking establishment, and Inkberrow as many as seven at one time. 173 However, concern about workers spending too much money on drink, caused the suppression of four of Inkberrow’s pubs in the late eighteenth century. 174 Despite this, probate data suggests a rise in the percentage of the zone’s publicans over the study period, and baptism data shows their share continuing to rise from 1813 to 1840; 1.3% of fathers in the 1830s were publicans. 175 As noted elsewhere, many victuallers pursued by-employments, while it was by no means unusual for women to be in charge of a public house. 176 One village inn in the 1660s had seven rooms in addition to the cheese-chamber and buttery, perhaps enabling the landlord to offer accommodation. No doubt much of the fare on offer was produced on the premises, with seven ‘melch cows’ for cheese, two store pigs for meat and an orchard yielding verjuice, cider and perry. 177 Local records reveal two vintners, 173 Bradbrook, History of the Parish of Inkberrow, p. 57. 174 Rogers, The State of the Poor (by Sir Frederic Morton Eden), p. 350. 175 Tables 6.2 and 6.6. (For some reason few publicans married by licence.) The baptism figures from the 1830s include the new beerhouse-keepers. Table 6.8 (1841 census) also has 1.3% for adult males and 0.7% for adult females in the pub trade. 176 For example, Richard Biddle was both blacksmith and victualler. (WaRO, QS35/1/2, licensed victuallers’ returns, 1673. WoRO, probate of Richard Biddle, Aston Cantlow, blacksmith, 1681, £46-8-0.) Many victuallers farmed, but even in the nineteenth century innkeepers still had other jobs such as blacksmith and miller. For example, WaRO, QS35/1/1, licensed victuallers’ returns, Oversley, (Arrow), 1661, lists Alice Wakeman, widow. 177 WoRO, probate and miscellaneous probate (796/390) of Edward Holtham, Great Alne, victualler, 1663, £65-10-6. Verjuice is crab-apple juice used for healing animals and for cooking. The inn may have fronted the coach-road to London. 228
something of a novelty in these parts. 178 Although many publicans (and others) probably brewed their own beer, the term brewer is encountered only once. 179 Maltsters, bakers, butchers, grocers and shopkeepers all seem rarer here than in other zones, but they are present throughout the two centuries. Although no occupation is given for Thomas Perkes in his probate in 1721, items ‘in the shop’ including brandy and candles suggest a chandlery and general store. 180 Perkes also farmed, brewed and made malt. Farming folk and others in this zone doubled as retailers, food-suppliers, maltsters or victuallers, though these occupations are not explicit in the records. A case in point is that of Henry Farr, labourer, in Stock Green; either he or his wife ran a shop. 181 In Stuart times Thomas Bickerton was both yeoman and linen-draper. His son, another Thomas, described as a chapman, also dealt in linen. 182 The (illiterate) Inkberrow-based salter who appears at this period was no doubt part of the Droitwich trade like the Feckenham salters described below in Zone D. 183 Approximately half the parishes in this zone boasted water-mills, many of which were operated by milling family dynasties such as the Astons. 184 It is assumed that grain 178 WoRO, marriage licence of Joseph Field, Arrow, vintner, Feb. 1692/3 and WaRO, Binton baptisms 1813. Maybe Joseph Field supplied nearby Ragley Hall. 179 WoRO, marriage licence of Samuel Case, Arrow, baker and brewer, Nov. 1813. 180 WoRO, probate of Thomas Perkes, Inkberrow, (no occupation given), 1721, £104-12-6. 181 WoRO, probate of Henry Farr, Stock Green, Inkberrow, labourer, 1763, £14-5-9, which lists shop goods. WoRO, 1851 census, Holberrow Green, Inkberrow, lists a former needlemaker as a ‘confectioner’. 182 WoRO, probate of Thomas Bickerton, Great Alne, yeoman/linen draper, 1671, £43-9-4, and of Thomas Bickerton, Great Alne, chapman, 1680, £34-14-4, including ‘cowpery ware’ and linen. 183 WoRO, marriage licence of William Gibbs, Haselor, yeoman, Dec. 1698, witnessed by Thomas Yeats, Inkberrow, salter. 184 See Appendix 17: Mills. WoRO, probate of Robert Aston, Oversley, (Arrow), ‘millard’, 1669, £91-13- 4, and of Joan Aston, Oversley, (Arrow), widow, 1685, £120-15-0. 229
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.6 Male occupational structu
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 203 and 204: Table 6.5 Male occupational structu
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
Page 243 and 244: Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
Page 245 and 246: In Period C although quarrying and
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
Page 249 and 250: when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
Page 251 and 252: Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
Page 253 and 254: Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
Page 255 and 256: different nature of the two towns.
Page 257 and 258: Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
Page 259 and 260: Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
Page 265 and 266: Information from Coughton burial re
Page 269 and 270: In investigating the bias between s
Page 271 and 272: mere two. The patterns shown in the
Page 273 and 274: pigs and considerable cheese produc
Page 275 and 276: Extractive and building industries
Page 277 and 278: glaziers working in churches and pu
Page 279 and 280: a poor journeyman tailor whose only
Page 281 and 282: Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
Page 283 and 284: as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
Page 285 and 286: who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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