Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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William Harbidge. 208 Individuals also served their respective communities as officials appointed by the government, the manor or the increasingly powerful parish authorities. 209 In the 1680s William Kempson, who acted as bondsman for local marriages, was described as an ‘apparitor’. 210 The grocer, Popplewell, had come to Bidford as an exciseman. 211 His surname was not a local one; as noted earlier, the professional class were often quite mobile. In Period D the increasing number of tertiary sector occupations in this zone includes book-keeper, attorney, commercial clerk, exciseman, registrar, tax-collector and various parish officers and soldiers serving and retired, the latter in the form of Chelsea pensioners. By 1850 Bidford was important enough to boast a post-office, the keeper of whom was also a wharfinger, publican, shopkeeper and coal-dealer. Gloucestershire was the first of the study area’s three counties to have a police force. Policemen were based in Long Marston from 1841, while Warwickshire villages had to wait until the 1850s. In Period D in probate and marriage licence data professionals show an increase over earlier periods. 212 Again baptism registers (1.3%) and the 1841 census (2.2%) give a more realistic percentage, while the 1831 census has a figure of 1.6% for the capitalists, bankers, professionals and educated sector. 213 208 John Clark of Pebworth and Evesham was the (land) surveyor for various enclosure awards, for example Rous Lench, (WoRO, BA10631/2). He is also mentioned as an auctioneer, for example in Berrow’s Worcester Journal 26 Sept. 1782. William Harbidge, a Bidford attorney, was commissioner for Bidford enclosure award 1766, (WaRO, Y1/2). 209 For example, WoRO, marriage licence of Arthur Tomkins, Bidford, exciseman, 1730. Worcester Journal, 15 to 22 Oct. 1742 mentions Edward Showell, land-tax collector of Welford, who was robbed. 210 For example, GlosRO, marriage licence of William Harwood, Milcote, (Weston on Avon), husbandman, Feb. 1687/8, mentions bondsman, William Kempson, Welford, apparitor. J. Bristow, The Local Historian’s Glossary of Words and Terms, (Newbury, Countryside Books, 2001), p. 9, states that an apparitor was an official or attendant for ecclesiastic or civil courts. 211 WoRO, marriage licence of Richard Popplewell, Bidford, exciseman, May 1759. 212 Tables 5.2 and 5.4. 213 See Tables 5.6 and 5.8 and Appendices 5, 6 and 7. 184
Before the censuses the many domestic servants are, as expected, largely absent from the records. The 1831 census shows that in reality male servants were very thin on the ground, with only eight male servants over 20 and one under 20. By contrast, 158 female servants appear in the 1831 census, comprising 6.7% of all females. 214 Males described as ‘gentlemen’, always well-represented in probate data, increase substantially over the study period. 215 The range of people described by the subjective descriptors ‘gentleman’ and ‘esquire’ may be exemplified by two men in Period B, whose probate inventories ranged from a mere £4 to over a thousand. 216 Despite their interest in a broader national economy, this group’s role in greasing the wheels of local finance occasionally comes to light. 217 Travelling folk from this zone or elsewhere played an important role in the local economy, but they rarely receive a mention. The 1841 census records people sleeping in a barn in Pebworth, while Bidford’s enumerator listed boatmen living on their boats and drovers passing through. Summary for the Southern (Champion) Country In the late Stuart period farming was mixed, but corn was probably the zone’s most lucrative farming export. Consequently, this sub-district may have suffered more than others from the fall of corn prices, perhaps leading to declining wealth and out- 214 Table 5.8 (1841 census) shows that of those whose occupations are listed some 5.8% of adult males were domestic servants, while the figure for adult females was 48%; for males under 20 it was 47.8% and for females under 20 it was 97.1%. 215 Gentlemen and esquires are not included in the statistics in tables above. As a percentage of males, the figures for gentlemen in probate are as follows: Period A: 5.8%, Period B: 9.6%, Period C: 12.3% and Period D: 21.5%. 216 WoRO, probate of Daniel Herbert, Welford, gentleman, 1737, £4-12-2 and of John Stanford, Salford Priors, esquire, 1712, £1167-0-0. 217 For example, GlosRO, probate of Robert Johnsons, Long Marston, labourer, 1771, shows that he borrowed £20 from Mr Haines of the same village and was paying 18s. per annum interest. The lender was probably John Haines, gentleman, (GlosRO, probate of John Haines, Long Marston, gentleman, 1774.) 185
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157 and 158: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 159 and 160: air wholesome and healthful. The so
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
Page 209 and 210: Agriculture The soil in the west of
Page 211 and 212: opportunities for casual work in th
Page 213 and 214: In Period D other occupations assoc
Page 215 and 216: ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
Page 217 and 218: etween quarrying and non-quarrying
Page 219 and 220: involved in textile or paper sector
Page 221 and 222: are low. As well as farming, weaver
Page 223 and 224: The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
Page 225 and 226: fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
Page 227 and 228: Chandlers were never abundant in th
Page 229 and 230: underwoods on their property, proba
Page 231 and 232: Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
Page 233 and 234: local market was sufficient to make
Page 235 and 236: with other occupations. 166 Thomas
Page 237 and 238: something of a novelty in these par
Page 239 and 240: Larger villages served as entrepots
Page 241 and 242: apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462:
Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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