Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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sectors which increased their share significantly after 1840 include needlemakers, other metal workers, professionals and those in food, retailing and dealing. Appendix 11, Table 2 Baptisms 1813-1840 Baptisms 1813-1840 1851 census 1851 census (n) % of males with known occupations (n) % of males with known occupations Agriculture (excl. labourers) 1071.5 8.3 516 11.6 Agricultural labourers (incl. 5259 40.9 1385 31.2 shepherds & farm servants) Other labourers 980 7.6 332 7.5 Extractive 350 2.7 80 1.8 Building (excl. carpenters) 297 2.3 185 4.2 Tailors 153 1.2 67 1.5 Other textile, clothing & paper 80 0.6 21 0.5 Manufacture Shoemakers/cordwainers 569.5 4.4 156 3.5 Other leather, horn and tallow 78 0.6 16 0.4 Carpenters/joiners 387 3.0 122 2.7 Other woodworkers 304 2.4 114 2.6 Blacksmiths/farriers 262 2.0 91 2.0 Metal (excl. 56 0.4 66 1.5 needles/hooks/pins) Needles/hooks/pins 1751.5 13.6 714 16.1 Transport 93.5 0.7 44 1.0 Innkeepers/victuallers 200 1.6 56 1.3 Other food, retail, service, 653.5 5.1 284 6.9 dealing Domestic servants 112 0.9 67 1.0 Professional 197.5 1.5 130 2.9 Total adult males with known occupations 12855 100.0 4446 100.0 404
Appendix 12: Markets in or near the study area 1660-1840 1 Markets within the study area Alcester (Tues) 2 Aston Cantlow – market in Middle Ages, but probably defunct before 1660. Bidford – (Fri) revived in 1754. 3 Probably again defunct before 1800. Feckenham (Sat) – probably defunct before 1800. 4 Inkberrow (Wed) – market in the early nineteenth century, changed to Thursday from 1847. 5 Oldberrow – had a market charter in Middle Ages, but most likely defunct before 1660. 6 Redditch (Sat) – no charter, but a market in the nineteenth century, perhaps taking over from Feckenham and Alvechurch. 1 The information shown here is correct for the first half of the nineteenth century, but in most cases the markets were held on the same days throughout the period of this study. Gloucestershire information is from T. Rudge, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Gloucester, (London, Phillips, 1807), except for Moreton-in-Marsh, which is from 1830 Pigot’s Directory of Glos. Warwickshire information is from 1835 Pigot’s Directory of Warks. except for Birmingham information, which is from 1783 Bailey’s Directory of Birmingham. Worcestershire information is from 1835 Pigot’s Directory of Worcs., supplemented by information on the city of Worcester from VCH Worcestershire, vol. iv, pp. 377-390, and information on Halesowen from J. Noake, Guide to Worcestershire, (London, Longman, 1868), pp. 179-183. Extra information is also included from contemporary newspapers, where relevant. 2 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 3 Oct. 1765 states that in future the market would be toll free except for horses. 3 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 6 June 1754 reports its revival. It was to be toll-free, with eminent dealers in corn and other merchandise. 4 Berrow’s Worcester Journal 13 Aug 1795 mentions a Tuesday market, but this is most likely erroneous and actually means Alcester market. Astwood Bank in the parish of Feckenham had a market place at the end of the nineteenth century, but its origin and its day of operation are not known. 5 R. Gaut, A History of Worcestershire Agriculture, p. 256. It is not known whether there was a market before the nineteenth century, nor when the market ceased. 6 T. Slater, A History of Warwickshire, p. 53. 405
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
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town. 130 Although in Period C the
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UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
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making malt, while the Harris famil
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served as a juror and occupied his
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Throughout the study period Alceste
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their shop near Alcester church. No
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apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
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spreading fast, profitability was n
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ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
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earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
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source of income for the court leet
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apparently increased through the st
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The only brewer described as such i
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was also a haberdasher, his mother
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in the first half of the nineteenth
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grammar school, directories now lis
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Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
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credit furnished by gentlemen and g
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for actors), baptised children in A
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More hidden was the part played by
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CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
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Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
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In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
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Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
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Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
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air wholesome and healthful. The so
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less flexibility for labourers, so
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labour and access to commons to eke
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Extractive industries and building
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together the 1841 census has a figu
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Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
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vulnerable to slumps in the market.
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wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
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manufacture include mantua-makers,
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often well-connected compared to ot
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Over the two centuries a couple of
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formed part of an increasing consum
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Although the numbers involved in tr
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Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
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category we find Richard Rawlins, m
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In Victorian times perukemakers and
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struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
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Before the censuses the many domest
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The Avon was always important for t
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the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
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could have been ripe for industrial
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comparative revival in Period D. Th
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The 1841 census has lower figures f
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Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
Page 361 and 362: Table 8.11 Number of different male
Page 363 and 364: Table 8.13 Number of different male
Page 365 and 366: (66) had more occupations than othe
Page 367 and 368: Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
Page 369 and 370: Wealth, status and mobility The sco
Page 371 and 372: This crude ranking approximates to
Page 373 and 374: General conclusions In this chapter
Page 375 and 376: the study area’s needle masters l
Page 377 and 378: In looking at the wider picture we
Page 379 and 380: Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
Page 381 and 382: and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
Page 383 and 384: ‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
Page 385 and 386: manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
Page 387 and 388: Worcester diocese; middle division
Page 389 and 390: Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
Page 391 and 392: Feckenham - a very large parish of
Page 393: separate parish register from the l
Page 396 and 397: Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
Page 398 and 399: Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
Page 400 and 401: Transport: Male: railway worker, to
Page 402 and 403: Agriculture without labourers Labou
Page 404 and 405: Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
Page 406 and 407: Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
Page 408 and 409: Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
Page 410 and 411: Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
Page 414: Markets surrounding the study area
Page 417 and 418: Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
Page 419 and 420: Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
Page 421 and 422: Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
Page 423 and 424: 1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
Page 427 and 428: Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
Page 429 and 430: Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
Page 431 and 432: Needlemakers and associated trades
Page 433 and 434: Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
Page 435 and 436: Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
Page 437 and 438: stand out as particularly numerous.
Page 439 and 440: Appendix 23b Occupational structure
Page 441 and 442: Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
Page 443 and 444: Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
Page 445 and 446: Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
Page 447 and 448: Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
Page 449 and 450: Sources and Bibliography Primary So
Page 451 and 452: Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
Page 453 and 454: Worcester Post or Western Journal W
Page 455 and 456: Warwickshire County Record Office (
Page 457 and 458: BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
Page 459 and 460: Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
Page 461 and 462: Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
Page 469 and 470:
Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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