Differing Responses to an Industrialising Economy - eTheses ...

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Table 5.10 Comparison of male occupational structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) in the 1841 census, baptisms 1813-1840, probate data 1800-1858 and marriage licence data 1800-1837 in Zone B, The Southern (Champion) Country (as % of males with known occupations) showing the bias of other sources compared with the 1841 census Adult Males 1841 Census Baptisms 1813- 1840 Ratio Baptisms to Census Probate 1800- 1858 Ratio Probate to Census Marriage licences 1810- 1837 Ratio Marriage licences to Census Primary 63.8 78.2 1: 0.82 53.8 1: 1.19 67.2 1: 0.94 Secondary 25.9 18.5 1: 1.40 31.1 1: 0.83 19.4 1: 1.34 Tertiary 10.4 3.3 1: 3.15 15.1 1: 0.68 13.4 1: 0.78 Comparing the 1841 census with other sources in this zone marriage licence data provides the closest match, followed by probate then baptisms. As noted in earlier chapters, baptism data underestimates the tertiary sector compared with the other sources. 20 In the text below Zone B’s changing occupational structure is discussed in specific occupational groupings, as defined in Chapter 2. I make reference to data in the above tables where relevant, but sometimes do not quote exact figures for certain occupations as the size of samples and bias of sources (especially probate and marriage licences) may cause inconsistencies in these exact figures. 21 Where appropriate, comparisons are made with other zones in the study area and also with studies of places elsewhere. Agriculture This part of the Avon valley has fertile, alluvial, sandy topsoil and gravels overlying limestone and lias with clay. Circa 1700 Parsons notes for Dorsington: ‘The 20 For example, unmarried male servants appear in the census but not in baptisms. 21 Where relevant, explanations of such inconsistencies and bias of sources are discussed, but generally I note the general trends exhibited and look for corroboration from various other sources in order to make observations about whether different occupations were present or absent, and increasing or decreasing in the zone at different periods. 150
air wholesome and healthful. The soil fruitful.’ For Welford he specifies ‘The soil is fruitful for corn and pasture.’ 22 Later in the eighteenth century the different characteristics of adjacent parishes were highlighted by Rudder. At Long Marston, (sometimes known as Marston Sicca or Dry Marston because it had no spring), in summertime cattle were driven to the Avon in the next parish in order to drink, while water for culinary purposes was strained with a sieve to cleanse it from the myriads of insects. It was ‘flat vale country, yet the greater part of the parish is arable land.’ 23 Pebworth and Welford had rich, fertile soil with good grass and corn. Pebworth was ‘equally divided into pasture and arable and a good part lies in common fields’. Dorsington and Welford were also unenclosed. 24 Kings Broom had undergone some enclosure pre-1660 and Salford Priors was probably enclosed by agreement early in the eighteenth century. 25 Parliamentary enclosure occurred in five of the ten parishes during Period C, while other parishes such as Pebworth and Welford had to wait until the early nineteenth century for their enclosure awards. 26 The land tax returns of 1798 highlight the differences between different settlements. Bidford’s profile with many landholders may reflect its town-like role, while Milcote with one landowner was purely agricultural. 27 22 J. Fendley, ed., ‘Notes on the Diocese of Gloucester by Chancellor Richard Parsons, c.1700’, Bristol and Gloucestershire Arch. Soc., Record Series, 19, (2005), pp.19, 47. Descriptions of the soil by S. Rudder, A New History of Gloucestershire (1779), (reprinted Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1977) are given in Period C. 23 Rudder, A New History of Gloucestershire, p. 540. There was a village pond which was presumably the source of the drinking water at least until it dried out in high summer. 24 Rudder, A New History of Gloucestershire, pp. 413, 599, 789, 807. The information about Dorsington must pre-date its parliamentary enclosure award of 1776. 25 VCH Warwickshire, iii, p. 52 and p. 158. Kings Broom (in the parish of Bidford) was one of the Throckmortons’ manors, several of which show evidence of some early enclosure. 26 See Appendix 1. 27 See Appendix 24. The population densities in this appendix also highlight the different nature of the various settlements. 151
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DIFFERING RESPONSES TO AN INDUSTRIA
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This is a study of male occupationa
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Acknowledgements I would like to ac
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Appendix 11 Comparison of adult mal
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AIMS,
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area to complement that found by th
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Although the precise meaning behind
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also describes the sources and meth
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of the poor and lists of parish app
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Probate records Although probate re
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and harvested by cutting, whereas f
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about the family and businesses of
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allowing comparison between the dif
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the ratio of agricultural to non-ag
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multiple occupations is also incons
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Appendix 23. 52 These documents rec
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surveying occupations in the Needle
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and periods therefore have to be tr
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enjoying its status as a market tow
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was of course very similar to that
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Buchanan has shown that to a large
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industry. 80 Some of these factors
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Yelling has shown that in both the
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osy picture than Rowlands of the me
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other regions, for instance Manches
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marriage and larger families, but p
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of women and children in the econom
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sources often favoured by the wealt
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Table 3.1 Population of Whole Study
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Between 1751 and 1801 the populatio
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Alcester fared particularly badly i
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Taking a mean average figure of app
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sound. 34 The figures circa 1780 fo
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person to every acre and by 1841 0.
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The baptism numbers in Table 3.9 co
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shown in Table 3.11. 47 The apparen
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y a further 136.7% to 1841. 52 Othe
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Table 3.15 Population densities 167
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seventeenth to the nineteenth centu
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sources such as smaller population
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Table 4.2 Males in probate in speci
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the mid-eighteenth century, and mos
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Table 4.7 Occupational structure in
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For comparative purposes data from
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In comparison with probate data the
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ways by different townsfolk: to gra
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gained currency in non-legal parlan
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In Period A glaziers benefited from
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the knitters, other occupations in
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dyers. 83 Some Alcester weavers may
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‘to learn the art and mystery of
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thereof must have gone out of fashi
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apparent. 119 If they were added to
Page 107 and 108: town. 130 Although in Period C the
Page 109 and 110: UBD contains no glovers, but one fe
Page 111 and 112: making malt, while the Harris famil
Page 113 and 114: served as a juror and occupied his
Page 115 and 116: Throughout the study period Alceste
Page 117 and 118: their shop near Alcester church. No
Page 119 and 120: apprenticeship in Alcester’s gunm
Page 121 and 122: spreading fast, profitability was n
Page 123 and 124: ironmongers in 1835 was female. 216
Page 125 and 126: earlier times, by the 1790s coaches
Page 127 and 128: source of income for the court leet
Page 129 and 130: apparently increased through the st
Page 131 and 132: The only brewer described as such i
Page 133 and 134: was also a haberdasher, his mother
Page 135 and 136: in the first half of the nineteenth
Page 137 and 138: grammar school, directories now lis
Page 139 and 140: Lord Brooke of Warwick’s parliame
Page 141 and 142: credit furnished by gentlemen and g
Page 143 and 144: for actors), baptised children in A
Page 145 and 146: More hidden was the part played by
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER FIVE ZONE B: THE SOUTHERN (
Page 149 and 150: Table 5.1 Male occupational structu
Page 151 and 152: In Table 5.3 marriage licence data
Page 155 and 156: Table 5.8 Occupational structure in
Page 157: Gloucestershire ‘Men and Armour
Page 161 and 162: less flexibility for labourers, so
Page 163 and 164: labour and access to commons to eke
Page 165 and 166: Extractive industries and building
Page 167 and 168: together the 1841 census has a figu
Page 169 and 170: Textiles, clothing and paper Ramsay
Page 171 and 172: vulnerable to slumps in the market.
Page 173 and 174: wool-carder and wool-spinner. In th
Page 175 and 176: manufacture include mantua-makers,
Page 177 and 178: often well-connected compared to ot
Page 179 and 180: Over the two centuries a couple of
Page 181 and 182: formed part of an increasing consum
Page 183 and 184: Although the numbers involved in tr
Page 185 and 186: Some of Bidford’s inns had wharve
Page 187 and 188: category we find Richard Rawlins, m
Page 189 and 190: In Victorian times perukemakers and
Page 191 and 192: struggled as a market centre, Bidfo
Page 193 and 194: Before the censuses the many domest
Page 195 and 196: The Avon was always important for t
Page 197 and 198: the mid-nineteenth century. 6 Possi
Page 199 and 200: could have been ripe for industrial
Page 201 and 202: comparative revival in Period D. Th
Page 205 and 206: The 1841 census has lower figures f
Page 207 and 208: Table 6.9b Occupational structure i
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Agriculture The soil in the west of
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opportunities for casual work in th
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In Period D other occupations assoc
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ooms and a buttery and cheese-chamb
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etween quarrying and non-quarrying
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involved in textile or paper sector
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are low. As well as farming, weaver
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The flax-dresser on the Ridgeway at
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fathers in Period D. The 1841 censu
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Chandlers were never abundant in th
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underwoods on their property, proba
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Among the wealthier blacksmiths was
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local market was sufficient to make
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with other occupations. 166 Thomas
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something of a novelty in these par
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Larger villages served as entrepots
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apothecaries and midwives before 18
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Baptism registers (1813-1840) place
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In Period C although quarrying and
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CHAPTER SEVEN ZONE D: THE NORTHERN
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when there were 3314 inhabitants. A
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Table 7.1 Male occupational structu
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Table 7.4 Bridegrooms from marriage
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different nature of the two towns.
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Between 1680 and 1780 the parish re
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Table 7.11 Male occupational struct
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Information from Coughton burial re
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In investigating the bias between s
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mere two. The patterns shown in the
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pigs and considerable cheese produc
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Extractive and building industries
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glaziers working in churches and pu
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a poor journeyman tailor whose only
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Feckenham Forest. In turn they rece
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as well as his own. 119 In 1798 a b
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who continued to be a particularly
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tanners were amongst the most afflu
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gentleman, who served as high const
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seems to die out with them although
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wheelwrights also turned their hand
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Maybe labourers or woodmen undertoo
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Hemming family in Studley, which co
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in the Feckenham Forest. It was che
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distances to find employment. 220 T
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Stourbridge wire-drawers. 228 None
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Needlemakers. A dozen local needler
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eveal two other pin-makers in Tarde
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during this period, the largest gro
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Those attracted into the industry w
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operated in their cottages largely
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Fairfax, who was paid by Feckenham
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approval from the workers, who fear
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and Warwickshire carriers, includin
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A Studley man, the unfortunately na
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After the completion of The Worcest
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‘proprietor of the gasworks’. 3
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meetings and dinners. 342 Throughou
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Ipsley was described as an oat-mill
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smithy. 362 His mercery shop must h
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Among the clothing and cloth retail
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a handful of such men. 384 Probate
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Before 1800 local records contain f
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various denominations, book-keeper,
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domestic servants’ jobs are speci
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the local needle trade in the eight
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igger population, but at this stage
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significant presence of needlemaker
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Innkeepers, retailers, dealers and
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The source in Table 8.5 is more com
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Table 8.8 shows that proportionally
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Throughout the study period the und
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inventories cease, it is more diffi
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your new shoes from the village cor
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Table 8.11 Number of different male
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Table 8.13 Number of different male
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(66) had more occupations than othe
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Table 8.18 Comparison of three pari
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Wealth, status and mobility The sco
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This crude ranking approximates to
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General conclusions In this chapter
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the study area’s needle masters l
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In looking at the wider picture we
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Upton-upon-Severn 19 SW, Tewkesbury
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and keuper marl. Enclosure award 17
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‘Rich soil abundantly fertile in
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manor before 1743. Aston Cantlow ha
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Worcester diocese; middle division
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Throckmortons. Much depopulation be
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Feckenham - a very large parish of
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separate parish register from the l
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Appendix 2: Occupational descriptor
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Textile, clothing and paper: Male:
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Transport: Male: railway worker, to
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Agriculture without labourers Labou
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Appendix 4: Occupational informatio
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Appendix 7 continued: 1831 census:
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Appendix 8: Harvington Collection u
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Appendix 10: Bidford: Male occupati
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sectors which increased their share
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Markets surrounding the study area
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Beoley Wake: Sunday following Old S
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Appendix 14: Carrying network Below
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Appendix 15:Turnpike Roads and Coac
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1830 Pigot’s Birmingham and Worce
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Appendix 17: Water-mills and Windmi
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Appendix 19: Parishes with schools
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Needlemakers and associated trades
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Appendix 22: Multiple occupations T
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Metal Blacksmith - whitesmith, PO,
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stand out as particularly numerous.
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Appendix 23b Occupational structure
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Appendix 24 : Land tax returns 1798
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Appendix 24d: Zone D, The Northern
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Appendix 26: Comparison of occupati
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Table 7 Occupational structure (pri
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Sources and Bibliography Primary So
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Trade directories consulted 1767 Sk
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Worcester Post or Western Journal W
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Warwickshire County Record Office (
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BA3586, Feckenham apprentice record
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Levine, D., and Wrightson, K., The
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Stobart, J., The First Industrial R
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Smith, C., ‘Population growth and
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Jones, P. M., Industrial Enlightenm
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Buchanan, K., ‘Studies in the loc
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Websites www.a2a.org.uk Access to A
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