Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

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Shallice's model on willed and automatic control of behaviour (Norman & Shallice, 1986; Shallice, 1988) and that also contains elements of the zero-risk model. This framework was proposed by Brouwer & Schmidt (2002) and in this thesis it is used to describe the processes that take place during hazard anticipation in both young novice drivers and older, more experienced drivers. The basic assumptions are that schemata in young novice drivers are less elaborated than in older, more experienced drivers and that the involvement of the SAS is larger in young novice drivers than in older, more experienced drivers. Some evidence was found in the literature, but there are indications that the SAS remains active during hazard anticipation in older, more experienced drivers, at least in laboratory conditions. How young novice drivers differ in hazard anticipation from older, more experienced drivers and what the influences of both experience and maturation are on hazard anticipation is explored in Chapter 4. The somatic marker hypothesis (Bechara et al., 1997; Damasio, 1994; Damasio et al., 1996) was introduced as a concept that can explain how novice drivers may quickly learn to anticipate latent hazards from past events that evoked arousal. If novice drivers can learn to anticipate latent hazard by experiencing crashes and/or near crashes in a driving simulator is explored in Chapter 6. 113
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Hazard anticipation of young novice
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SWOV-Dissertatiereeks, Leidschendam
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Promotores: Prof. dr. W.H. Brouwer
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development of hazard perception te
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Table of contents 1. General introd
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1. General introduction 1.1. Hazard
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27% of all driver fatalities were d
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eported 73 car crashes during the p
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with respondents that started their
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2. Determinants that influence haza
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planning of a trip, choice of the m
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that encompasses the entire second
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peaks at 16.7 years of age in girls
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Figure 2.2. Model of the different
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Keating (2007) mentioned the matura
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Table 2.1. Relative fatality ratios
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When do these sex differences emerg
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Functional brain differences in boy
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oth groups had in common was their
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3. Extroversion: Extrovert persons
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is less in these brain areas, but a
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2.4.2. Peer group influences In ado
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deduced that car drivers younger th
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or little interference with the dri
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2.4.4. Socioeconomic and cultural b
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Preusser, 2002). The crash rate of
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impact on road safety. Despite the
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condition for the older, more exper
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person (e.g. a passenger or a pedes
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tasks was 3.10, 95% CI [1.73, 5.47]
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Page 68 and 69: 58 56 Male Drivers Female Drivers S
Page 70 and 71: 100 Killed car occupants aged 18-24
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Page 75 and 76: 3.2. Hazard anticipation A hazard i
Page 77 and 78: Drivers are aware of hazards when t
Page 79 and 80: 1. Possible other road users on col
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Page 85 and 86: the task demands. The range of acce
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.4. Zero-risk model (Näät
Page 89 and 90: with FTD, poor monitoring of the ri
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Page 95 and 96: information transformation processe
Page 97 and 98: (consciously) controlled action reg
Page 99 and 100: on the left lane of a motorway (in
Page 101 and 102: 3.7.1, 3.7.2 and 3.7.3. This is don
Page 103 and 104: driver does not think that she or h
Page 105 and 106: for experienced drivers even in cir
Page 107 and 108: sound was heard) and some participa
Page 109 and 110: stage. In this stage, learners comm
Page 111 and 112: A theory that explains how we may l
Page 113: were about to turn left while their
Page 117 and 118: maturation)? The exploratory resear
Page 119 and 120: perspective. Participants have to p
Page 121 and 122: young novice drivers. This was only
Page 123 and 124: were applied, can be concluded that
Page 125 and 126: (no difference between young novice
Page 127 and 128: video clips from the perspective of
Page 129 and 130: when they occur infrequently in tim
Page 131 and 132: When 'translated' to the conceptual
Page 133 and 134: less good in hazard anticipation th
Page 135 and 136: In the study presented in this chap
Page 137 and 138: 2. Older, more experienced drivers
Page 139 and 140: into imminent hazards. Detailed ani
Page 141 and 142: Figure 4.4. Example of a photograph
Page 143 and 144: Questionnaire All participants had
Page 145 and 146: fixations on the area within the ti
Page 147 and 148: Besides significance of the results
Page 149 and 150: fixated covert latent hazards and t
Page 151 and 152: Table 4.2. Percentage of the partic
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Page 157 and 158: Figure 4.9 shows the difference bet
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Page 161 and 162: Figure 4.10. Scores on risk assessm
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Figure 4.11. Plot of the scores on
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and risk assessment). The principal
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selection task. This is to say, the
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efore the video halted and the scre
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eliability. In this chapter, theref
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Figure 5.1. Example of a covert lat
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Figure 5.3. Screen capture of a pau
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5.2.2. Participants Both tasks were
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5.2.5. Scores on the video task In
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Figure 5.5. Risk scores on the phot
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5.2.9. Discussion The objective of
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etween learner drivers and experien
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production of the animation clips h
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having significantly more often at
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learner drivers (n = 42) and pictur
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the video holds, are not a good res
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The effects on hazard anticipation
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with covert latent hazards during t
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Roberts (2002). In their training o
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the far transfer scenarios. The imp
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two of the six test scenarios and o
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ased hazard anticipation training i
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cab consists of an automobile seat
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Table 6.1. Description of the train
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Table 6.2. Critical situations embe
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6.2.5. Procedure Participants were
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Compared to the control group, the
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and the control group was significa
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Figure 6.3. Percentage correctly an
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training program for young novice d
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their own limitations, an increase
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In this thesis, hazard anticipation
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Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and the O
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not tend to speed constantly, they
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directions and fixations were recor
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order to discourage multiple clicki
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the average score of in this case o
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latent hazard situations and the un
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7.7. Practical implications This th
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arousal enhance memory (e.g. McGaug
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Barbalat, G., Domenech, P., Vernet,
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Chi, M.T.H. (2006). Two approaches
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Engström, I., Gregersen, N.P., Her
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Hasselberg, M. & Laflamme, L. (2008
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study data (DOT HS 810 594). Washin
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McKenna, F.P. & Crick, J. (1997). D
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Posner, M.I. & Petersen, S.E. (1990
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Shope, J.T., Raghunathan, T.E. & Pa
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Wallis, T.S.A. & Horswill, M.S. (20
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developed. In this taxonomy four ca
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distraction was a contributing fact
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videos, their gaze directions and f
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task'. Three groups made the two ta
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latent hazard. There were three ver
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Samenvatting Automobilisten kunnen
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automobilisten het rijden onder inv
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ijvoorbeeld met een te hoge snelhei
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schemata hebben en nog niet over de
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gevaren te detecteren en te herkenn
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experimenten in Hoofdstuk 4, geen v
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ingegaan op hoe de resultaten in de
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Appendix 1 Latent hazards of the vi
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7. When driving on an urban road an
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2. When driving straight on, the dr
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Appendix 2 Examples of items of the
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4. A moped rider in front of the va
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DLPFC DMN DRUID DTS fMRI FTD HPA-ax
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the more or less automatic process
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DLPFC Dopamine fMRI Glucocorticoid
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Hypothalamus Inferior frontal Gyrus
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Occipital lobe Oestrogens OFC Parie
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Temporal lobe Testosterone VMPFC Wh
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ISBN: 978-90-73946-09-5
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