Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

less good in hazard anticipation than experienced drivers are, when they do
not have to drive.
Most of the studies on differences in eye movements between novice drivers
and experienced drivers while watching videos taken from the driver's
perspective have been carried out at the University of Nottingham
(Chapman et al., 2004; Chapman & Underwood, 1998; Crundall et al., 2002;
Underwood, Chapman, et al., 2002). These studies were not about
anticipatory eye glances in situations with latent hazards, but about scanning
patterns on different types of road and on fixations in situations with
imminent hazards. A key finding of these studies was that also while
watching videos, novice drivers did not adapt their scan patterns as much to
the type of road (rural, suburban and urban) as experienced drivers did. A
second key finding was that when there is an imminent hazard, novice
drivers narrowed down there visual search for a longer period to the area
where the imminent hazard was visible than older, more experienced drivers
did. This is to say they kept staring in the direction of the detected hazard
and forgot to look around for other information. From the first key finding
can be concluded that lack of adaptation in visual search to the type of road
and road environment is not caused by lack of attention that is available for
visual search, but is caused by less developed mental models (schemata).
From the second key finding can be concluded that novice drivers may miss
important information that is necessary to avert the imminent hazard when
this information is in the peripheral field of view. The only study found on
hazard perception and differences between novice drivers and experienced
drivers using video clips and eye tracker equipment, not carried out at the
University of Nottingham, was a study by Borowsky et al. (2010). In this
study, latent hazards in the video clips were mostly staged in real traffic.
Except for one latent hazard, these latent hazards were overt hazards. There
were no significant differences in eye movements between novice drivers
and experienced drivers with regard to the overt latent hazards. One of the
staged situations in a video clip was a lead vehicle that suddenly brakes at a
T-intersection (road to the right) because a car approaches the T-intersection
from the right and turns to the right just in front of the lead vehicle. From the
driver's perspective in the video clip (the car behind the lead vehicle) the
approaching car from the right cannot be clearly spotted because of parked
vehicles. This situation is both an overt latent hazard (a lead vehicle that can
brake) and a covert latent hazard (a possible car from the right that causes
the lead vehicle to brake). In this, situation novice drivers tended to look only
straight ahead to the lead vehicle whereas experienced drivers also looked to
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