Hazard anticipation of young novice drivers - SWOV

Figure 3.4. Zero-risk model (Näätänen & Summala, 1974).
In the zero-risk condition (the default condition for drivers), drivers perceive
the traffic situation (Stimulus Situation → Perception). They recognize the
situation (not a separate box) and make predictions about the traffic situation
in the near future (Perception → Expectancy). Based on what they expect,
action is considered (Expectancy → Desired action / No behavioural change)
in order to keep the zero-risk condition. They then take the decision whether
to take action or not. In case the decision is action, they also decide what type
of action (Desired action / No behavioural change → Decision). Thereafter
the selected action is executed (Decision → Action). The traffic situation
changes because of this action and the loop starts all over again (Action →
Stimulus Situation). In the zero risk condition when a driver does not
experience fear, the boxes 'Perception' and 'Expectancy' are influenced by the
motivations of the drivers. If for instance drivers are in a hurry, they accept
smaller safety margins. Because of this change in risk acceptance, they 'see'
no risk where they normally would and also predict no hazards where they
normally would. Sometimes the traffic situation is such that the threshold of
risk expectancy is transcended and drivers do experience fear or discomfort
(e.g. an approaching vehicle on collision course). When this happens, the
'subjective risk monitor' is activated. Because of this, drivers get more
vigilant and start to take controlled actions in order to avert a crash. How
drivers exactly switch from the zero-risk mode to the risk mode remains
rather vague.
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